SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



FIRST DRAFT OF A SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION 
FOR THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



BY 



G. BROWN GOODE, LL. D., 

Assistant Secretary \ Smithsonian Institution^ in charge 0/ U. S. National Museum. 

(REPRINT.) 



From the Report of the U. S. National Museum, 1891. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1893 



SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



FIRST DRAFT OF A SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION 
FOR THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



BY 



G BROWN GOODE, LL. D., 

Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, in charge of U. S. National Museum. 

(reprint.) 



From the Report of the U. S. National Museum, 1891, 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1893 



FIRST DRAFT OF A SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION FOR THE 
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



By ('•. Brown Goode, LL. D. 
Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, in charge of U. S. National Museum. 

(Submitted To the lion. Thomas W. Palmer, President of the World's Columbian 

Commission, September 1, 1892.) 



The paper now submitted is emphatically a first draft,* and should 
its general features meet with approval, it must still require careful 
revision and some rearrangement before it can be said to be ready for 
actual use. The time allowed for its preparation has been very short, 
and I have not had sufficient opportunity for conference with certain 
experts whose critical revision of the groups with which they are indi- 
vidually familiar is essential to the perfection of the plan. 

I am aware that some of the groupings proposed may probably be 
unsatisfactory to the representatives of special interests, manufactur- 
ing or commercial, who will feel anxious to have all of the exhibits in 
which they are interested kept together. The textile men, for instance, 
may wish to have felt hats exhibited with other articles of felt, rather 
than in the department of costume; the wool mem may desire a special 
collection of wool and all its products, the printing trade may expect 
to have printing presses shown by the side of paper and books, rather 
than with machinery in motion. In such cases as these, concessions and 
changes may be made, for intending exhibitors have rights which must 
be carefully regarded. 

Many millions of visitors will see the Exposition, and it is for the visitors' 
interest especially that the objects on exhibition ought to be arranged. 
They should be selected and installed, first of all. with reference to 
attractiveness. Visitors must be drawn from every village in America, 
and after coming to Chicago must be led to visit the Exposition repeat- 
edly, and to examine the displays in as many as possible of the thou- 



* Special acknowledgments art: due To Prof. W. O. Atwater, Prof. Otis T. Mason, 
Mr. J. Elfreth Watkins, Dr. Cyrus Adler, Col. (',. E. Gordon, Mr. R. E. Earll, and 

Mr. YV. Y. C'ok tor advice and criticism in connection with the work of preparing 
the system of classification. 

Acknowledgment is also due to Prof. Melvil Dewey, the anthor of the ''Decimal 
Classification and Relative Index for the Arrangemenl of Libraries. " His hook has 
been constantly in my hands for several years, and its great usefulness in the hand- 
ling of hooks and literary material suggested the desirability of forming a similar 
plan for use in the arrangement of Exhibition material. 

649 



650 RKPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

sand classes. First of all, L repeat, visitors must be induced to come to 
the Exposition and to look at the exhibits. The next thing to be accom- 
plished is, by means of careful installation and labeling, to nude each 
object teach some useful lesson. 

The interest of the exhibitors is identical with that of the managers 
in this respect, and their cooperation in this higher class of exhibition 
work is indispensable to its success. 

The classification scheme of every important exhibition of the past 
forty years has been studied for the purpose of embodying in the pres- 
ent plan the best features of all which have preceded it, and it is niy 
hope that, after this has been modified to meet the special needs of the 
coming Exhibition in Chicago, it will prove to be thoroughly available 
in practical nse. 

I need scarcely remind yon that no rules for the construction of ex- 
hibition classifications have ever been formulated. No two persons can 
possibly arrive at the same results in preparing a plan of arrangement, 
audit is unlikely that any scheme can ever be fully satisfactory to all. 
A plan of classification is a matter of compromise and convenience, 
and the only test of its value is in its practical working.* 

An attempt has been made to present in this plan of classification a 
certain logical sequence of ideas. This sequence is perhaps somewhat 
obscured by the combination of many quite distinct groups in a few 
primary divisions, and a general review of the arrangement is there- 
fore given. 

A primary division into ten groups or departments is proposed. 
Their composition is shown in a general way below, as follows : 

Primary or Productive Arts. 

1, Agriculture and Allied Industries, including - — 
Agriculture, in a limited sense. 
Viticulture. 
Horticulture and gardening. 



"A unit of classification is not necessarily a unit of installation. Your officiate in 
charge of installations may at any time combine a number of classes, or combine 
all the classes in a division for purposes of exhibition. Similar combinations will of 
course be made for jury work. 

Please note particularly the possibilities in connection with Departmenl 10, to 
which, in the form of Collective Exhibits, the management may assign, for mono- 
graphic display, in separate halls or buildings, special subjects for which such treat- 
ment is desired. 

When, for any reason, it is decided to remove a given group of objects from the 
place where it logically belongs, to some other place where it is more convenient to 
display it, it is possible by a system of cross-references in the catalogues and on the 
labels to keep its other relationships in the mind of the visitor. Indeed, it is often 
desirable to exhibit the same class of objects twice in different relationships. 
Cotton in the hale, for instance, is a ..final product of agriculture and the raw material 
of one of the textile industries, and for purposes of exhibition belongs in both de- 
partments, although, possibly, subject to jury award only where it appears as a 
product; ami t here are many similar cases with which you are of course familiar, 

The Lmportunce of the cross-reference system, then, is very great. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 651 

1. Agriculture and Allied Industries, including — 

Forestry (including, perhaps, the wood-working industries.) 

Stock-raising, poultry, etc, 

Dairy industries. 

Minor animal industries. 

Hunting and trapping for profit. 

2. The Mine* and Metallurgy, including— 

Mining. 

Metallurgy and metal-working (simple products only). 

The quarries and stone-working. 

Water and ice supply. 

3. The Fisheries, including also, for reasons of installation, all marine and aquatic 

interests, as follows: 
The fisheries. 
Fish culture. 
Vessels and hoats. 
Life-saving and subaquatic operations. 

Secondary or Elarorative Industries. 

4. Manufactures arid Elaborative Industries,' including — 

Motors of all kinds. 

Machinery in motion. 

Railway plant. 

Vehicles of land transportation. 

Electricity aud its application. 

The chemical industries. 

Pottery and glass-making. 

The metal-working handicrafts (partly also under Mines and Metallurgy). 

The wood-working industries (perhaps to he arranged under Forestry). 

The stone-working industries and masonry (perhaps to he arranged with 

Mines and Metallurgy). 
Fur and leather working. 
The textile industries. 
Paper manufacture. 
Other industries and machines. 

Utilization of Resources and Materials. 

5. Food and its accessories, including — 

Food substances and cookery. 

Beverages. 

Tobacco and other narcotics.! 

6. House and dress, including — 

Domestic architecture and house-fitting 
Furniture (of dwellings and public buildings). 
Heating, lighting, and ventilation. 
Costume and its accessories, and the toilet. 
Jewelry and trinkets. 



"The subordination of so many important industries under one general head may 
at first sight be deemed inadvisable. It should be borne constantly in mind, how- 
ever, that a system of classification is only a device to facilitate administration, and that 
the subordination of a given subject and the size of the types in which it is printed 
in the classification, have no relation whatever to its relative importance. 

tThis grouping may seem inappropriate, hut it is that which for forty years has, 
for reasons of convenience, been adopted by exhibitions. 



052 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

The Fine Arts. 

7. The pictorial, plastic, and decorative arts, including — 

Photography. 

Decorative arts in general. 

Sculpture. 

Architecture. 

Engraving'. 

Drawing. 

Painting. 

The Physical, Intellectual, and Moral Condition of Man (includirg the 
,; Liberal Arts" of the French classifications and much more). 

8. Social relations and public welfare (physical and social condition of man). 

Folk-lore and ceremony. 

Communication and record of ideas (language, writing and printing. Books 

not shown as literature). 
Engineering and constructive architecture. 
Property, trade, commerce, and intercommunication. 
Recreation and amusement. 
Music and musical instruments. The theater. 
Medicine, surgery, pharmacology, hygiene. 
Public convenience and safety. 
Government and law. 
Societies and federations. 

9. Science, religion, education and human achievement (intellectual and moral condition 

of man). 
Institutions and organizations. 
Science (research and record). 
History and biography. Representative men. 
Literature and books. 
Journalism. 

Religious organizations 
Primary education. 
Secondary instruction. 
Superior instruction. 
Human achievement. 

10. Col led ire or monographic exhibits. 

Collective exhibits of foreign governments. 

The Government of the United States. Collective exhibit of the Government 
Departments. 

American States and cities. 

The woman's department. 

Collective exhibits, isolated by the board of management for reasons of con- 
venience. 

Special industries. Collective exhibits (such as the leather, textile, or brew- 
ing imlust lies). 

North American ethnography, and that of other countries (with tribes or 
families living in native dwellings). 

Special monographic exhibits, showing the civilization of countries which 
have contributed largely to the peopling of America. 

Special collective exhibits to be arranged for by the commissioners. 

Ii will he observed that in the sketch of the plan of arrangement 
given above, no attempt has been made to follow the details of the 
secondary classification as presented in the formal plan. My idea has 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. ()53 

been simply to show the relation of the ideas which underlie the main 
classification. 

The minor headings may be made the basis of an alternative arrange- 
ment, which is quite practicable, if the commission should prefer to 
adopt a plan with a larger number of main departments. A rearrange- 
ment of the details would be simply an affair of paste and scissors. 

Your attention is invited to the proposed adoption of the decimal 
system in the numeration of the classes. 

Each number used in the classification will indicate in itself, in the 
simplest and clearest manner possible, the class, division, and depart- 
ment to which the object designated belongs. There are ten divisions 
in each group or department, and ten classes in each division, making 
one thousand classes in all. 

At first sight this system may seem artificial and not practical. Its 
advantages are, however, many and positive, especially when in use by 
persons untrained in exhibition administration. Lt is not by any means 
a new idea. A somewhat similar system of class numeration was used 
with excellent results in the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876. A simple 
illustration of the plan is found in the customary way of numbering the 
rooms and floors in large hotels, the numbering of the rooms on the first 
floor beginning with 1, those on the second floor 2, and so on. 

The use of the decimal system is not, however, an essential feature 
of the plan and another method of designating the classes may readily 
be substituted. 

This plan is purposely more minute and elaborate than that used by 
any previous exhibition, in order to call out material that otherwise 
might not be sent. If the classification were intended simply for the 
installation of material on the floors of the Chicago buildings, this one 
is surely fuller than it need be. If, however, the most important func- 
tion of a plan of classification is to serve as a stimulant and a guide to 
exhibitors and to show them what hind of objects they can and ought to 
send to the Exposition, it is scarcely possible to have it too comprehen- 
sive. 

It will be noticed that some classes are much more minutely subdi- 
vided than others. This is usually intentional. Where the details of 
a subject are to be found in the cyclopedias and common treatises, they 
are not included here. For instance, the breeds of poultry are not cata- 
logued, because it is unnecessary. Sometimes, on the other hand, the 
omission is unavoidable, because the author of the classification is 
ignorant of the subject and has not as yet been able to find the proper 
persons to supply the needed information. So far as necessary, addi- 
tions and alterations can be made in the next edition of the plan. 

Let me say, however, that the classification is intended to be suggestive 
rather than exhaustive. 

This plan calls for much material and information — historical, statis- 
tical, scientific, and educational — which no previous exhibition has 
obtained or asked for. I do not believe that private exhibitors will 



654 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

undertake to supply any considerable amount of this kind of material, 
though much will be done by societies, commercial organizations, and 
public-spirited men and women who may become interested in the 
development of certain subjects. I am confident, however, that a 
moderate expenditure of money and effort in this direction on the part 
of the officers of the Exhibition will produce most satisfactory results. 
By no other means can the attractiveness, the educational value, and 
the permanent usefulness of the exhibition be so greatly enhanced. 

If I understand rightly the spirit of the proposed exhibition, it is to 
show the history of our continent since its European occupation and its 
influence upon the history of the world. It is to expound, as far as may 
be, the steps of the progress of civilization and its arts in successive 
centuries, and in all lands up to the present time and their present 
condition 5 to be, in fact, an illustrated encyclopedia of civilization. It 
is to be so generous in its scope thatm its pictorial and literary remains 
will be preserved the best record of human culture in the last decade of the 
nineteenth century. If such is to be the character of the undertak- 
ing, it will be necessary to depart very largely from the traditional 
methods of previous exhibitions, which have usually been preeminently 
industrial. 

As a student of museum and exhibition administration for twenty 
years, and as commissioner in charge of the exhibit of the United 
States at two international exhibitions abroad and officially connected 
with all the home exhibitions in which the Government has ever taken 
part, it has been my privilege to observe the tendencies of public opin- 
ion in regard to such matters. 

I am satisfied that more is expected of the Chicago Exhibition than 
of any previous undertaking of the kind, and that a pronounced de- 
parture from traditional methods and the introduction of features new, 
useful and improving are the conditions of a magnificent success. 

Since 1876 a notable change in the theory and practice of exhibition 
administration has taken place. Magnificent as was the success of the 
Philadelphia exhibition in its day, if it could be reproduced exactly in 
Chicago in 1892, it would probably not be considered at all a remark- 
able affair. 

The successes of the Paris Exposition of 1880, and the equally re- 
markable achievements of the quartet at South Kensington, namely, 
the Fisheries Exhibition in 1S83, the Health Exhibition in L884, the 
Inventions Exhibition in 1885, and the Colonial and Indian Exhibition 
in L886, as well as of other special exhibitions in the European capitals, 
have, it would seem, left little new to be done. 

Installation methods are much more elaborate and effective than 
ever before; catalogues and labels are more accurate and scholarly. 
There has been developed a system of handbooks, manuals, and expert 
reports which, alter the close of the exhibition, standing on the shelves 
of all the great libraries of the world, constitute a lastiDg monument 
of the enterprise. A series of international conferences and assem- 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 655 

blies of experts, bringing together in council wise men of all nations, 
were most successfully carried out at Paris. These were in many re- 
spects the most important features of the exhibition, and were so 
regarded by its mauageinent. 

In the meantime the old system of competitive awards and medals 
lias been falling into disfavor, just as similar methods are going out of 
educational institutions. What was once the chief feature is now only 
an incidental one, and, although doubtless still a necessary accompani- 
ment of exhibitions, it is one which is usually a source of dissatisfac- 
tion to all concerned. 

The theatrical features, at one time in favor in exhibitions, are less 
effective than in the past; unmeaning and pretentious display is not 
advantageous. Stupendous towers, barrels as big as houses, temples 
of cigar boxes, or armorial trophies of picks and shovels, though they 
have their uses for advertising purposes, and, it may be, for decoration, 
are matters of but the slightest importance in an exhibition which is 
intended to commemorate the anniversary of a great historical event. 

The historical and educational idea is the one which seems to be 
most in keeping with the spirit of America at the present time, and no 
great exhibition has by any means exhausted the possibilities of effect- 
ive work in this direction, wherein seems to lie the chief opportunity of 
doing something which has not already been magnificently done else- 
where. 

The public has a lofty ideal for the Columbian Exposition. The 
tendency of thought has been well set forth in the admirable letters by 
Mr. Edward Atkinson to the Xew York Tribune on the subject of the 
plan of the World's Columbian Exposition, and in the interest mani- 
fested in the essay of M. Berger, the director general of the Paris Ex- 
position, recently published in the Century Magazine. The Chautauqua 
movement and the National Agricultural Experimental Station enter- 
prise illustrate the demand of the public for concrete information, and 
that of the highest order. 

The visitors to the National Museum in Washington are numbered 
by hundreds of thousands and come from every portion of the United 
States. The Museum is, in a certain way, a permanent exposition of 
science and industry. Time after time new features have been intro- 
duced, seemingly in advance of the public taste, yet in every case the 
people have not only appreciated the idea at once and been pleased 
with it, but have also shown by their comments and suggestions and 
generous aid how further advances might be made in the same direction. 

Please allow me to refer once more to the subject of labels and label- 
ing. By a label I mean not merely the card attached to a given article, 
giving its name and that of its exhibitor: I mean all illustrative and 
explanatory matter displayed in connection with any group of objects, 
such as placards, pictures, maps, and books, placed where the visitor 
can use them. I once attempted to make a definition of a museum — 
an ideally useful museum — in the following words: 



(]56 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

u An efficient educational museum may be described as a collection of 
instructive labels, each illustrated by a well- selected specimen."* 

The same principle, with obviously necessary modifications, may be 
said to be applicable in the administration of exhibitions. 

A live exhibition is one in which each group of objects is made intel- 
ligible and instructive by the constant presence of a staff of experts 
to explain the teachings of the objects on view, and by an effective sys- 
tem of labels and explanatory placards. 

The exhibition of the future will be an exhibition of ideas rather than 
of objects, and nothing will be deemed worthy of admission to its halls 
which has not some living, inspiring thought behind it, and which is not 
capable of teaching some valuable lesson A 

A leader in the educational work of America writes to me in the fol- 
lowing words: 

In the history of no nation before lias there been such a thirst for knowledge on 
the part of the great masses of the people, such a high appreciation of its value, and 
such ability and readiness to acquire and use it. No other people get so niuch of 
education from Avhat they read and see. No other nation has so large a body of cit- 
izens of high intelligence; never before has the public been so willing, and inii d, 
so anxious to receive with respect and use with intelligence the information which 
the thought and exx^erience of the age are furnishing; never before have that 
thought and experience had so much to give. Let the Exposition be a display not 
merely of material products, but of the teachings of science and experience as re- 
gards their value, importance, and nse. 

The Exposition should be not merely a show, a fair, or a collossal shop, but also 
and preeminently, an exposition of the principles which underlie our national and 
individual welfare, of our material, intellectual, and moral status; of the elements 
of our weakness and our strength, of the progress we have made, the plane on which 
Ave live, and the ways in which we shall rise higher. It should be an exposition of 
knowledge, illustrated by the material objects shown. It should teach not only to 
our people, but to theAvorld, what a young republic, with all the crudeness of youth, 
but heir to the experience of the ages, has done in its brief past, is doing in the 
present, and hopes to do in the greater future for its people and for mankind. 

These are lofty ideals, but I believe that those of the principal pro- 
moters of the- Chicago Exposition, and of the members of tin 1 World's 
Columbian Commission, are not less comprehensive. 

The occasion is an inspiring one, and it may well be that the world 

will witness in Chicago the greatest of international exhibitions. 

Very respectfully, 

(J. Brown Goode. 



Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. 85. 

tTlio labor and thought required will be very great, and the expense will be not 
inconsiderable. Not only 1 he advice bu1 the active cooperation of the best talent of 
the country will he necessary. Services of this character will he required, not only 
in bringing the material together, but still more in its installation, and in the prepa- 
ration of adequate labels, handbooks and catalogues. 

should a, system of salaried jurymen, such as that recommended by Mr. Porter, 
be, adopted, some of these men will doubtless be able to render professional and 
expert service of other kinds t<» the Exhibition, 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THF WORLDS FAIR. 657 



GROUPS OR DEPARTMENTS. 

1. Agriculture and Allied Industries. ('Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, 

Stock-Raising, Etc.) 

2. The Mines and Metallurgy 

3. Marine and Fisheries. 

4. Manufactures and Other Elaborative Industries. (Machinery, Frocesses, 

and Products. ) 

5. Food and Its Accessories. 

6. The House and Its Accessories. Dress and Personal Equipment. 

7. The Pictorial, Plastic, and Decorative Arts. 

8. Social Relations and Public Welfare. 

9. Science, Religion, Education, and Human Achievement. 
10. Collective Exhibits. 



DEPARTMENT i.— AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES. 

DIVISIONS. 

10. The Science and Principles of Agriculture. 

11. Farms, Buildings, Tools, and Machinery. 

12. Culture of Cereals, Grasses, and Forage Plants, Etc, 

13. Culture of Tobacco, Textile Plants, Etc. 

14. Viticulture and its Products. 

15. Economic Horticulture — Vegetables and Fruits. 

16. Ornamental and Recreative Horticulture, Window Gardening, Etc 

17. Forestry and Forest Products. 

18. Domesticated Animals. Stock-raising, the Dairy Industry, Etc 

19. The Minor Animal Industries. 

DEPARTMENT 2. -THE MINES AND METALLURGY. 

1HV1SK )XS 

20. The Science of Mines. Economic Geology and Mineralogy, 

21. Mine Engineering. 

22. Mining and Metallurgical Tools and Machinery. 

23. Selected Mining Industries — Special Monographic Exhibits, 

24. Quarrying and Stone-Working. 

25. Coal, Petroleum, and Natural Gas. 

26. Water and Ice. Surface Deposits. 

27. Metallurgical and Metal-Working Products, 

28. Mine Products, not Classed Elsewhere. 

29. Miners, Quarrymen, and Operatives, 

SM 91, PT 2 42 



658 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

DEPARTMENT 3.— MARINE AND FISHERIES. 
DIVISIONS. 

30. The Sea and Inland Waters. (Physical Conditions. Aquatic Life.) 

31. Seaports and Harbors— Ocean and River Commerce 

32. Mariners, Fishermen, Marine-Capitalists, and Outfitters. 

33. Boats and Sailing Vessels. 

34. Steamships and Steamboats. 

35. Sea Fishing. 

36. Fresh-Water Fishing and Angling. 

37. Fishery Products — Their Preparation and Uses. 

38. Fish Culture and Acclimatization. 

39. Life-Saving and Subaquatic Operations. 

DEPARTMENT 4.— MANUFACTURES AND OTHER ELABORATIVE 

INDUSTRIES* 

DIVISIONS. 

40. Machinery and Motors. 

41. Machinery. Etc. (Continued). Railway Plant. 

42. Electricity and its Applications. A Monographic Exhibit. 

43. Chemical Manufactures. Oils, Soaps, Waxes, Glues, Paints, Dyes, Etc. 

Painting and Dyeing. 

44. Pottery and its Manufacture. 

45. Glass and Enamels. 

46. Metal-Working Handicraft— Clocks and Watches, Cutlery and Other 

Products. 

47. Furs and Leathers. Tanning and Currying. 

48. The Textile Industries. 

49a. Paper Manufacture and its Applications. 

49b. Applications of Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral Materials Not Else- 
where Classed. 

DEPARTMENT 5.— FOOD AND ITS ACCESSORIES. 
DIVISIONS. 

50. The Science op Food and Nutrition. 

51. Animal Foods and Products From Them. 

52. Vegetable Food Products. 

53. Sugar. Confectionery, Fats and Oils. 

54. Food ADJUNCTS. CONDIMENTS AND STIMULANTS, 

55. Beverages and Materials for Beverages, 

56. Tobacco. 

57. Peculiar and Less Common Food and Food Products. 

58. Cooking Utensils. Products. Cooking schools. 

59. Conservation and Transportation of Pood. Pood Supply. 

Nos. 51 to 56 may include adulterations and methods of adulterating. With the 
prepared products, the machinery and methods used in preparation may be shown. 

* Stone- working industries, see Division 29, Stone-working industries, Bee Divj 

sion lj, 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 650 



DEPARTMENT 6.— THE HOUSE AND ITS ACCESSORIES, COSTUME 
AND PERSONAL EQUIPMENT. 

DIVISIONS. 

60. Cities, Towns, and Villages. 

61. Domestic and Economic Architecture — Domestic Appliances. 

62. Interior Architectural Fixtures and Decoration. 

63. Furniture of the Dwelling House. 

64. Furniture and Fixtures for Public Buildings. 

65. Heating, Lighting, Ventilation, and Water Supply. 

66. Costumes and Parts of Costumes. 

67. Jewelry and Trinkets. 

68. The Toilet and its Appliances. 

69. Accessories of Costume and Personal Equipment. 

DEPARTMENT 7.— THE PICTORIAL, PLASTIC, AND DECORATIVE 

ARTS. 

I3I^VISIONS. 

71. Photography. 

72. Photo-Mechanical and other Mechanical Processes op Illustrating. 

73. The Decorative Arts. 

74. Sculpture. 

75. Architecture (as a Fine Art). 

76. Engraving, Etching, and Lithography. 

77. Drawing. 

78. Painting in Water Colors, Etc. 

79. Painting in Oil. 

DEPARTMENT 8.— SOCIAL RELATIONS AND PUBLIC WELFARE. 

DIVISIONS. 

80. Folk-lore. 

81. Communication and Record of Ideas. 

82. Engineering and Constructive Architecture. 

83. Property, Trade, Commerce, and Intercommunication. 

84. Recreation and Amusement. 

85. Music and Musical Instruments. The Theater. 

86. Medicine. Surgery. Pharmacology. Hygiene. 

87. Public Convenience and Safety. 

88. Government and Law. The Art of War. 

89. Societies and Federations. 

DEPARTMENT 9.— SCIENCE, RELIGION, EDUCATION, AND HUMAN 

ACHIEVEMENT. 

DIVISIONS. 

90. Institutions and Organizations. 

91. Science (Research and Record). 

92. History. 

93. Literature and Books. 

94. Journalism. 

95. Religious Organizations. 

96. Education, Primary. 

97. Education, Secondary. 

98. Education, Superior. 

99. Human Achievement. 



G60 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

DEPARTMENT 10.— COLLECTIVE AND MONOGRAPHIC EXHIBITS. 

DIVISIONS. 

101. Foreign Governments. Collective Exhibits. 

102. The Government of the United States. Collective Exhibit of the Gov- 

ernment Departments. 

103. American States and Cities. 

104. The Woman's Department. 

105. Collective Exhibits, Isolated for Reasons of Convenience. 

106. Special Industries. Collective Exhibits. 

107. North American Ethnography and that of Other Countries. 

108. Special Monographic Exhibits, Showing the Civilization of Countries 

which have Contributed Largely to the Peopling of America. 

109. Special Collective Exhibits to be Arranged for by the Commissioners. 



DEPARTMENT i.— AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES. 

10. The Science and Principles of Agriculture. 

100. The History of Agriculture. 

Retrospective exhibits. 

Agriculture of the past. 

Agriculture of other countries uot elsewhere assigned. 

Agriculture of the Indians. 

Western ranch life. Frontier life. 

101. Agricultural Science and Education." Experiment Stations. 

History of the development of experimental agricultural science. 

Experiment stations of the United States and other countries. 
' Agricultural geology, })hysics ; chemistry, and biology. (Economic botany 
and zoology.) Physiology of plant and animal life. Agricultural meteor- 
ology. 

Literature of agricultural science. 

102. Agricultural Resources. 

Resources by geological formations, 
Resources by regions. 

103. Soils. 

Classified by characters and by regions. 
Experimental exhibits. 

104. Systems of Tillage. 

Planting and cultivation. Rotation. 

105. Drainage. 
km;. Irrigation. 

107. Fertilizers and their Application. 

Results of chemical and physiological experiments. 

Statistics and history of natural and artificial fertilizers. 

See also Subclass 116. 
iox. Agriculture in Relation to Stock-Raising. 
H>!). Statistics <>f Agriculture and the Commerce in its Products. 



For Agricultural Schools, sec ;ils<> Group ;>. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. GG1 

//. Farms and Farmers. (Agricultural Engineering and Architecture. Buildings, Tools, and 

Machinery.) 

110. History ok Farms. 

Systems of land-ownership among early peoples, with reference to history 
of systems of tillage and primitive methods of government. Land and \ il 
lage systems of the early Germans and English. 

Maps and plans of ancient farms and farm communities. 

Plans of early farm buildings not elsewhere shown. 

Historical exhibits relating to other rural occupations. 

111. Fa km Lands. 

Maps and statistics showing relation of agriculture to other industries. 

Areas of agricultural holdings in various States and countries. 

Percentages of population, agriculturists to others. 

Sizes of farms and holdings. 

Statistical exhibits of all kinds, showing the utilization of land for pro- 
ductive industry. 

Prices of land in various localities. Renting values. Land grants (treated 
historically and statistically). Individual giants. Homestead grants. 
Timber grants. Military and other bounty grants. 

Grants to corporations. Railroad grants and their relation to agricultural 
occupation. 

Exhibits showing increase or deterioration of productive value of land in 
various localities. 

Railways and other transportation systems in relation to the agricultural 
lands of various localities. 

112. The Farmer. His Relations to the Community and his Condition and 

Privileges, Past and Present. 
Social and economical condition. 
Special and economical statistics. Capital in agricultural investment. 

Profits of agriculture. Wages of agricultural laborers. 
Farm literature; agricultural and rural books and journals. 

113. Farm Engineering. 

Maps of farms and farming regions, showing road systems, locations of 

buildings, utilization of water supply, etc. 
Laying out and improving farms. 
Local irrigation and drainage — drain tiles. 
Fences and gates — models and plans. 

Farm roads and bridges — systems of construction for country roads. 
"Water and tide gates. Drains and embankments. Outfalls. 
Wind-mills, water-wheels, and other motors and power appliances for farm 

uses. 
Stack building and thatching. 

114. The Farm House. 

Plans and pictures showing farm houses for all localities, interior and ex- 
terior, with all appliances. 

Furniture of all kinds for farm-houses. 

Farm cottages and tenements and other dwellings for farm-laborers, with 
their fittings. 

Log cabins and other dwellings for Southern farm-laborers. 

Appliances of domestic industry, peculiar to the farm-house. 

Pictures and other representations of farms and farm-houses, memorable as 
the places of birth or residence of famous men. 

115. Farm Barns and Out-HOUSES. 

Barns in general: plans, sections, elevations, photographs, ami models. 
Representations of groups of farm buildings. 



662 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

115. F\RiM Barns and Out-houses — Continued. 

Stock barns, stables, and folds. Poultry bouses, apiaries, cocooneries. Pig- 
geries. Kennels. 
Hay barns, ricks, barracks. 
Vegetable store-houses, silos. 
Granaries, fruit-driers, smoke-houses. 
Dairy buildings, spring-bouses, iee-bouses. 
Tool -bouses, wagon-bouses. 

Hot-bouses and other accessories of farm horticulture. 
Slaughter-houses, compost-houses, manure-pits. 

116. Agricultural Tools and Agencies. 

Implements of clearing: Woodman's tools — axes, etc. Stump and root 
pullers. Stone implements. 

Implements of tillage : Manual implements — spades, hoes, rakes. Animal 
power and machinery — plows, cultivators, horse-hoes, clod-crushers, rollers, 
harrows. Steam-power machinery— plows, breakers, harrows, cultivators. 
Digging and trenching machines. 

Implements for planting: Manual implements — corn-planters and hand- 
drills. Animal power — grain and manure drills, corn and cotton planters. 
Steam-power machinery — grain and manure drills. 

Implements for harvesting: Manual implements — scythes, grain cradles, 
reaping hooks, sickles. Animal-power machinery — reapers and headers, 
mowers, binders, tedders, rakes, bay-elevators, and hay-loaders. Potato 
diggers. 

Implements used preparatory to marketing : Flails, thrashers, clover-hullers, 
corn-shellers, winnowers; hay, cotton, wine, oil, and sugar making ap- 
paratus. 

Implements applicable generally to farm economy : Portable and stationery 
engines, chaffers, hay and feed cutters, slicers, pulpers, corn mills, farm 
boilers and steamers, cider presses. 

Dairy fittings and appliances: Churns for hand and power, butter- workers, 
cans and pails, cheese presses, vats and apparatus. 

Wagons, carts, sleds, harness, yokes, traction engines. 

Apparatus for road-making and excavating. 

117. Fertilizers. 

Phosphates, potash salts, nitrogen compounds, ashes, marls, and plasters, 

etc. 
Cotton seed, fish scrap, etc. 
Manufacturing establishments. 
Statistics of trade and consumption. 
Farm manures and their value. Production. Management. Application. 

118. Agricultural Societies and Leagues. 

Literature and statistics. History. 

Departments and boards of agriculture. 

TheGrange, tbe Wheel, the Alliance, the League, and other farmers' societies. 

n*>. Agricultural Fairs and Exhibitions. 

Literature and statistics. Pictures. 

12. Cereals, Grasses, and Forage Plants. 

Under each head are to be shown the natural history of the plant under con- 
sideration; theories and methods of culture, past and present; peculiar 
implements for ils tillage, planting, harvesting, preservation [ensilage], 
preparation for market, and specimens of the final products as ready for 

l lie market . 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 663 

In special Instances, as m the tobacco class, for instance, it may be found 

advisable to install in this section the methods ;m<l products of its final 
treatment. 
Pictures and other illustrative exhibits to he shown in each class. 

121. Indian Corn. (Monographic exhibit.) 

Natural history of Indian corn. Varieties, and their history. Geographical 
distribution of corn-culture. Corn-culture in other countries. Maps, ret- 
rospective and for the present. 

Culture and use of corn bv the American aborigines. Instruments of tillage 
and utilization. Stone hoes and spades. Mortals and pestles. Aborigi- 
nal forms of use. Hominy, samp, pones, succotash, and their history. 

Planting, tillage, and harvesting of corn. Husking and shelling tools. 

Exhibits of all varieties of corn. 

Utilization of the grain. Exhibits of all food products: Flours, meals. 
hominies, popcorn preparations; also cooked preparations, so faras prac- 
ticable. 

Utilization of stalks and husks. Stuffings. Mats, brushes, horse collars, 
and other domestic manufactures. Broom-corn and its uses. 

Distillation of corn, alcohols, whiskies, etc 

Folk-lore and legend of corn. Shucking bees. Indian ceremonials. Lit- 
eratnre of corn. Corn as a motive in the decorative arts, etc 

122. The Sugar Cane axd Sorghum. 

Treatment as for Indian corn. 

If a monographic display is desired, molasses and cane sugar and rum might 
be shown, and even the preparation of sugar and its utilization in general.t 
Sorghum, its culture and applications included here. 

123. The Old World Cereals.} 

Wheat, rye, barley, oats. etc. 

124. Rice and its Culture. 

125. The Grasses. 

Hay and its management. 

126. The Forage Plants. 

Clover, alfalfa, cowpea, and other leguminous species. 
Other forage plants. 

127. Farm Gardening. 

Field culture of esculent plants and roots. 
Peanut culture. 
12*. Tropical Planting, not elsewhere classed. 
Tapioca, arrowroot, etc. 



~ A special temporary exhibition might be held for the display of all cooked prepa- 
rations of this peculiarly American grain, in connection with a monographic display 
of all other matters connected with its history and uses. 

t By building a light protection of glass and an occasional use of steam, it would 
be possible to show all the operations of a Southern sugar plantation — planting ami 
raising the cane, gatheringand making the molasses, etc. — on the Exposition grounds, 
employing a characteristic gang of Southern negroes, who would form a most pecul- 
iar and interesting feature of the exhihition. 

I Under wheat. Assistant Secretary Willits, of the Department of Agriculture, sug- 
gests an exhibit of varieties grown in this country and other parts of the world, 
accompanied by data which will bring out the effects of climate, soil, culture, and 
other conditions upon the size, shape, color, weight, hardness, chemical composition, 
and other properties of the grain which decide its value for milling, cooking, and 
nourishment. The ultimate object would he to determine ami illustrate for different 
varieties the quantity and quality of produce, changes under influence of varied 
conditions, and the adaptations of varieties to different localitie 



GGi REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

120. The Bamboo, Palm, and other Tropical Plants, their Culture and Ap- 
plications in the Arts. 

13. Textile Plants. Tobacco and Medicinal Plants. 

131. Cotton. 

Cotton on the stem, in the boll, ginned, and in the bale. 

Treatment .similar to Indian corn. 

A monographic display not impracticable.* 

132. Tobacco. 

Treatment as for corn and cotton. 

Tobacco growing, picking, drying, pressing, and cigar and cigarette making, 
with laborers and music of the negro operatives. 

133. Flax and Hemp. 

Monographic displays possible. 

Primitive spinning, on old wheels, and modern methods. 
Hatchels and combs. 

A rope-walk of the old style by the side of modern machinery. 
- Net making, by hand and by machinery. 
Primitive looms and weaving. 

134. Other Textile Plants and their Culture. 

Jute, ramie, etc., etc. 

135. Hops, Tea, Coffee, Spices, Aromatic Herbs, etc. 

Culture and preparation. 
13fi. Indigo and other Dye Plants and their Culture. 

137. Cinchona and other. Medicinal Plants. 

Acclimatization of cinchona in Africa and the South of France, and Enealyp- 
tus in California and elsewhere. 

138. Opium and its Culture. 

Hie opium trade. 

139. Other. Medicinal Plants. 

The castor bean, etc. 

14. Viticulture. 

140. Viticultural Economics. 

The natural history of the vine. 
Enemies of the vine and their prevention. 
Folk-lore and history of the vine. 
111. Varieties of the Vine. 

Collections of vines and illustrations of the varieties. 

142. Systems of Viticulture and Vine Training. 

Implements. Trellises and supports. 

143. Grape Raising for the Fruit Market. 
1 1 1. THE Raisin INDUSTRY. 

Methods of drying and packing. 
Statistics of trade. 
145. Wine-Making. 

Processes and history. 

i Hi. Brandy and otHer Distilled Products of the Grape. 
117. Wine Cellars, Vaults and Vats. 

Manipulation of wine and disl illed products. 
lis. Viticulture of the Bast. (Special exhibit.) 
li!). Viticulture of the West ('oast. (Special exhibit.) 



Cotton might be grown and picked, ginned and packed in the hales on the Ex- 
positiou grounds by a gang of Southern negroes living in their log cabins, with 
characteristic domestic life, music, etc. 



/ 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLl/s FAIR. 665 

15. Economic Horticulture (Vegetables and Fruits.) ' 

150. Garden Economics. 

Soils and fertilizers. 
Principles of gardening. 

Tools and appliances as distinct from those <»(' agriculture, 
Folk-lore and history of gardening. 

Species of vegetables and specimens of cultivation, indicating the character- 
istic types of the kitchen gardens and fruit gardens of every country. 

151. HOT-hOUSES, ETC., FOR GARDENING. 

Plans and drawings. 

Devices of construction. Arrangement of glass. 

Interior fittings. Methods of heating. 

152. Pulse, Cereals, and Fruit-Like Vegetables.! 

Beans of all kinds. 

Okra, martynia, peppers, tomatoes, etc 

Squashes, pumpkins, melons, etc. 

Sugar-corn, etc. 
15:1 Plants Cultivated for Sprouts and Leaves, Buds and Flowers. 

Asparagus, cabbage, cauliflower, endive, kohl-rabi, lettuce, rhubarb, spin- 
ach, sprouts of all kinds, etc. 

Capers, nasturtiums, ouions, etc. 
151. Roots, Tubers, etc. 

Artichokes, carrots, egg-plants, parsnips, potatoes, radishes, salsify, turnips, 
yams, etc., etc. 

Cryptogamic plants — mushrooms, truffles, tuckahoe. 

155. Pomology of Temperate axd Tropical Regions. 

Culture of apples, pears, quinces, peaches, nectarines, apricots, plums, 

grapes, cherries, strawberries, melons, etc, 
Culrure of oranges, bananas, plantains, lemons, pine-apples, pomegranates, 

figs, cocoauuts, etc. 

156. Nuts and Nut-like Substances, Spices and Condiments, and their Cul- 

ture. 
Nuts of all kinds. 

Pits, as almonds and pistachio nuts. 
Tubers, as peanuts. 

Berries, fruits, seeds, buds and leaves. 
Barks and roots used for flavoring. 
Aromatic herbs. 

157. Garden Seeds, Production and Commerce. 

Seed-raising. Methods and appliances. 

Special exhibition of seeds, and methods of preparation, labels, etc. 

Tests of purity and vitality. 

Statistics of trade. 

158. Market and Truck Gardening. 

Statistics and history. 

Special methods in the vicinity of different towns. 

159. The Fruit and Vegetable Market. 

Packing and transportation. 
Packing devices. 
The market stall, 
statistics of trade, prices, etc. 

"Fresh vegetables and fruits to be the subject of special temporary exhibitions. 
Models and pictures shown here. 

t Under each class of gardening, all methods and tools to be shown, with statistics, 

etc. 



GGG REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

16. Ornamental and Recreative Horticulture. 

160. The Pleasure Garden. 

History and folk-lore. Literature of the pleasure garden. Periodicals. 
Pictures of representative gardening, past and present. 
Dutch topiary or formal gardening. 
Japanese miniature gardening. 

Other examples of the curious and beautiful in the art of gardening. 
Species of plants and specimens of cultivation exhibiting the characteristic 
types of the outdoor and indoor gardens of the natives of every country. 

161. Modern Landscape Gardening. 

Plants and drawings. 
Photographs of finished work. 

162. Bedding Plants, Ornamental Bulbs, and their Uses. 
1G3. Hardy Perennials, Shrubbery, Roses, etc. 

Shade and ornamental trees. 
Nurseries and the nursery trade. 

164. The Window and Roof Garden. House Plants. 

The Wardian case. Fern culture. House plants in general. 
Window gardens. 

165. The Lawn and its Care. 

Special seeds and fertilizers. 
Mowers and trimming tools. 

166. The Pleasure Conservatory. 

167. The Orchid House and Orchid Culture. 

168. Cold Graperies, Grape Houses, Pineries, and other Recreative Fruit 

Propagating Houses. 

169. Flower Markets. 

Bouquets. The flower trade. The seed trade. 

17. Forestry and Forest Products. The Wood-working Industries. 

Note. — 'This classification is based upon that prepared by Dr. B. E. Fcrnow, Chief 
of the Division of Forestry, IJ. S. Department of Agriculture. 

170. Forest Botany. 

Distribution of forests, of genera, of species (maps). 

Wood sections and herbarium specimens of the economically important tim- 
ber trees. Seed collections — not herbarium — etc. 
Illustrations of forest growth, typical trees, botanical features. 
Anatomy and structure of woods. (Veneer sections and photo-micrographs.) 
Peculiarities of forest growth — cypress-knees, burls, etc. 
Diseases of forest trees and timber. Injurious insects. 

171. Timber Culture. — Plant Material. 

Conifers, seedlings and transplants. 

Broad-leaved trees — seedlings, transplants of various sixes, cuttings. 
Seed collections and means for storing seed. 

Means employed in gathering and preparing seed and other plant materia] 
for market and seed-testing. 

172. Timber Culture Cultivation. 

Implements for the cultivation of the soil. Special adaptations. 
Sowing machines and tools. 

It is suggested that florists and gardeners be encouraged to show ;ill the classes 
of gardening provided for in this class in actual growth. A wonderfully attractive 
exhibition might thus be made. A hutch bulb garden, with Dutch gardeners, 
would be i striking feature, and other; miirhl be added. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 667 

172. Timber Culture Cultivation — Continued. 

Implements and machines used for planting. 

Implements used in after-culture. 

Means of protection against insects, animals, climate. 

Seed beds and other graphic illustrations of nursery practice. 

173. Forest Management. 

Maps, plans, illustrations, calculations illustrating forest management. 

Instruments for measuring standing timber. 

Growth of different ages and soils. Graphic or other illustrations showing 

rate of growth. Graphic or other illustrations showing influence of various 

management on tree growth. 
Statistics of lumber trade and of forestry. 
Exhibits showing relation of forests to climate. 
Literature and educational means. 

174. Lumbering and Harvesting of Forest Products. 

The lumbering industry. Logging aud transportation. Implements, ma- 
chines, plans, drawings, and statistical material. Loggers' tools — stump- 
pulling devices, marking devices, measuring tools. Loading devices — 
sleds, flumes, slides, rope tramways, railroads, methods of water transpor- 
tation, rafts, booms, etc. 

The tan-bark industry. Other barks. 

The turpentine industry. 

The charcoal industry. 
17o. Preparation and Manipulation of Lumber, 

Dressing, shaping, and preparation of wood. Hewing of logs, spars, etc. 
Shaping of knees. Sawing and milling. 

Drying and seasoning of wood. 

Seasoning, kiln-drying, steam-bending, etc. 

Preservation of wood by use of antiseptics, etc. 

Saw-mills and saw-mill tools. 

Wood- working machinery. 

Wood- working tools and minor appliances. 

176. Forest Products. — Wood. 

Wood for fuel. 

Raw materials, unshaped and partly shaped. 

Trees, round timber, masts, knees, hoop poles, telegraph poles, piles, posts, 

and all other material used as grown. 
Saw logs, blocks and corded wood. 
Shaped or other.wise prepared material. 
Hewn timber, building timbers, railroad ties, etc. 
Rived or split material — Coopers' stock, shingles, staves, etc. 
Sawed lumber. 
Rough — Boards, planks, etc. 
Finished — Matched, molding, etc. 

Veneers and fancy woods — Curly woods, bird's-eye, burls, etc. 
Turned material. 

Charcoal and by-products of its manufacture — Wood-vinegar, tar gas, etc. 
Pulp manufacture, cellulose, etc. 
Impregnated woods, various processes. 

177. Forest Products other than Wood, and their Derivatives. 

Chemical and pharmacological substances. 

Barks, galls, resinous substances for tanning, coloring, scenting, etc. Tex- 
tile substances. 
Naval stores, resiu, gum, caoutchouc, gutta-percha, vegetable wax. 
Potash in the raw state. 



6(18 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

177. Forest Products other than Wood, and their Derivatives — Continued. 

Fruits, nuts, and edible plants or products of same. 

Roots, herbs, licbeus, mosses, fungi. 

Other materials, obtained without cultivation. 

178. The Wood-Working Industries. 

Carpentry, joining, and cabinet-making. 

Sash, door and blind manufacture. 

Wood-working auxiliary to carpentry. Machine-planing and polishing. 

Dovetailing, mortising, etc., by machinery. Turning. Manufacture of 

veneers. Wood stamping. 
Wood carving, etc. Architectural carving. Carving of ornamental articles. 

Bowl and spoon making. 
Marquettas and inlaying. 
Wood engraving (see 58). 
Furniture manufacture. 

Parquetry, wood tapestry and fancy wood-work. 
Toy manufacture. 
Carriage, car, and wagon building. 
Ship and boat building. — Cooperage products. 
Wood-working machinery, tools. 
Tool stocks, bandies, mill- work. 

179. The Minor Wood-working Arts. 

Manufacture of bent wood articles, 

Bamboo and rattan splint wares, making "excelsior" chips, etc. 

Wood composition and wood pulp (see 30). 

Manufacture of chip hats, chip baskets, boxes, plates, wooden shoes (see 29). 

Cork and substitutes for cork, as root of Ockroma Jagopus, Anona palustris, 

etc. Materials and products. 
Brier-root pipes. Root and knot carving. 
Birch bark in various uses. 
Piths and their uses. 

Match manufacture. Toothpick manufacture. 
Straw goods, willow ware, and basketry. 

18. Domesticated Cattle — Stock Raising, Dairy Industries, etc. 

180. Principles and Economics of Animal Culture." 

Illustrations of heredity and the variations of animals under domestication. 

Charts showing methods of breeding, inbreeding ami outcrossing, with 
results. Pedigrees of general interest. 

Results of scientific experiment, by breeders, or by research stations, tend- 
ing to the advancement of the animal-breeding industries, or to the im- 
provement or better utilization of the product, — tabulated and arranged 
either in this class or by the side of the exhibit which they most fully 
illustrate. 

The geographical distribution of the animal-breeding industries, tin 1 origi- 
nal source and present site of special breeds,, and the principal centers of 
trade and lines of traffic, shown by maps ami tables. 

Prices of live stock, past and present, shown by tables and curves; similar 
exhibits of the aggregate and per capita values of live stock by districts 
and countries. 

Breeding establishments, private and public: — maps, plans, statistics and 

literal lire. 



' The details of the classifical ion of the stock-raising industries are taken without 
material alteration, excepl a few additions, from the plan prepared by Col. G. E. 
Gordon, which he has permitted me to examine. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 66i) 

180. Principles and Economh s of Animal Culture — Continued. 

Animal pathology, surgery; and dentistry. History and literature Methods 
and instruments. Research upon contagious disease, its origin and pre- 
vention. Sanitation and quarantine. 

Feeding of animals. Results of experimental feeding and chemical and 
physiological research. Feed -standards and rations. Economy of feed 
ing stuffs. 

Illustrations of results of feeding for specific objects, as bone and muscle, 
meat, fat, milk and butter, wool, etc." 

181. The Horse and its Management. 

The breeds of the domesticated horse. History shown by models, maps, 

pictures. 
Thorough -bred horses. 

Standard-bred horses, and horses of record. 
Light harness horses. Roadsters and trotters. Racing stock. Driving 

turnouts. 
Coach horses. Coach turnouts. 
Saddle horses, hackneys, hunters, cavalry horses. Combined riding and 

driving horses. 
Educated and trick horses. 
Ponies. Performing ponies, etc. 
Draft horses. 
Asses and mules. 
Harness trappings and saddles. Carriages, wagons, etc., not elsewhere 

classed. Shoes and farriery. Grooming appliances. 

182. Cattle. 

The breeds of domestic cattle. History shown by models, maps, pictures 

and literature. 
Beef cattle. Breeding cattle. Registered breeding stock and fat cattle, 

registered and grade. 
Dairy cattle. Registered breeding stock and cattle entered for comparative 

yield of product. 
Cattle useful for general qualities. 
Oxen. Oxen at work. 

Crosses of domestic cattle with the buffalo. 
Brands, ear-marks and stamps, tethers, bells, etc. 

183. The Dairy Interest. 

Geographical distribution of dairy farms, etc. in North America. 

Farm products, butter, cheese, etc., with churns and other implements for 
the domestic dairy industry. Domestic creamery implements. 

Fancy butter and cream for luxurious markets. 

Milk supply of towns and cities. 

Milk supply to evaporating factories. 

Spring-houses ami dairy-building generally. 

For dairy products, see Class 189, and also in connection with food products 
in Division 5, where the methods and statistics of secondary handling, fac- 
tories, etc., will be shown. 

Dairying in foreign lauds and among primitive people. 

184. Sheep and Goats. 

The breeds of the sheep, goat. etc. 
Sheep for mutton. 
Fine-wooled sheep. 



*Use of animals for food shown in detail in Class 43. An educational exhibit of 
same might well be repeated here with such other applications of the results, pri- 
mary or secondary, of the animal industries as is of value to the breeder. 



67.0 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

184. Sheep and Goats — Continued. 

Middle-wooled sheep. 

Long-wooled sheep. 

Sheep and goats for dairy use. 

Miscellaneous dairy animals. 

Miscellaneous "fiber-producing animals. 

Sheep pastures, washing and smearing, shearing, and care of fleeces. - 

185. Swine. 

The breeds of swine. Fat swine. 
Domestic products of the hog. 
185-A. Other Domesticated Animals. 

Camels and elephants, llama, vicugna, alpaca, guanaco, yaks, etc. 

186. Poultry, Pigeons, etc. 

The breeds of poultry and pigeons, and all domesticated birds. Poultry 

shows. Standards of perfection. Literature. 
Fowls and capons. 
Ducks and geese. Swans. 
Turkeys. 

Pigeons and pigeon-lofts. Homing pigeons. 
Guinea fowls, peafowls, ostriches, etc. 

Pheasants and other ornamental birds. Pet birds in general Cages. 
Poultry and bird houses and their fittings. Incubators. 
Artificial stuffing, caponizing, patedefoie gras. 
The market for poultry, eggs, feathers, down, quills, and all products. 

Methods of packing and transportation. Prices. Statistics, etc. 

187. Docs. 

All races and breeds of dogs. Ancestry of the dog. Bench shows. Breed- 
ing kennels, registers, standards and literature. 
Sporting dogs. Field trials. 
Watch-dogs and pet dogs. 
Dogs used as burden bearers. 

188. Rabbits, Cats, Ferrets, etc. 

189. Products of the Stock -Raising Industries. 

Results of all scientific experiment by stock-breeders or stations tending to 
the advancement of the animal-breeding industries or to the improvement 
or better utilization of the product, tabulated in the most effective man- 
ner — and arranged here, or by the side of the individual exhibits. 

Meats — Fresh, salted, dried, smoked, the products of farm industry. Imple- 
ments and methods of preparation. Butchers' tools and methods. Abat- 
toirs. 

Dairy products — Milk, cream, butter and cheese. Implements and methods 
of preparation. 

oils and Cats — Lards, tallows, butterines, etc. Implements and methods of 
preparation on the farm. 

Hides and skins of farm animals as prepared on the farm, salted or rough- 
tanned, with examples of factory-tanned hides, so far as necessary for 
study. 

Fleece and wools, washed and unwashed, as they leave the farm. (With 
such illustrative matter in the way of results of experiment and manufac- 
tured products as may be necessary for the proper understanding of the 
methods and results of scientific sheep-breeding,) 

Hairs of all kinds produced on the farm, or stock establishment: — horse, 
goat, cow, cashmere, angora goat, etc. 

Waste products of the farm. Hoofs, bones, etc. Implements and methods 
of prepa rat ion. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. ()71 

189. Products of the Stock-Raising Industries — Continued. 

(old storage, refrigeratioii and transportation of farm products by fanners. 

Appliances, methods, and statistics. 
Markets. History. Prices, commissions, freight charges, etc., from the 

standpoint of the fanner. 

19. The Minor Animal Industries. 

190. Wild-Product Gathering. 

Primitive hunting, etc. 

Gathering' of animal products, obtained "without culture, and not elsewhere 
classed. 

191. Bees axd Bee Culture. 

Natural history of bees. Geographical distribution of the bee industry, 
Hives and housing. Feeding and care. Protective devices. 
Honey and wax. Gathering, preparing, packing and uses. 
Commerce in the products of apiculture. Literature and statistics. 

192. Silk Culture and Silk Reeling. 

Natural history and geographical distribution of the silk-worm and related 
forms used as substitutes. Larva, pupa and imago of each species. 

Cocoons and silk of each from the industrial standpoint, with tests of 
strength, etc. 

Methods of caring for the eggs, feeding of larvae, care and gathering of 
cocoons. Food plants and prepared food. Implements and processes. 

Cocoon stifling. 

Implements and methods of filature. Pictures of reeling establishments. 

Markets and prices. 

History, statistics and literature. 

193. The Cochineal Industry. 

Care of the cochineal bugs. 

Gathering and primary preparation of cochineal. 

194. The Leech and Maggot Trades and other Utilization of Invertebrate 

Animals not elsewhere classed. 
Leech gathering — Leech culture, methods and statistics of trade. 
Maggot culture for bait and pet-bird food. 

195. The Wild Bird's Egg axd Down Industry. 

Monographic exhibit. Literature and statistics. 

196. The Ivory Trade. 

The elephant hunt and ivory traffic of Africa. 
Fossil ivory in the far North. 

197. The Fur Trade. Hunting axd Trapping for Profit. 

Trappers' methods and implements. Hunters' methods. 

Peltries, hair, feathers, down, horns, teeth, bones, musks, casloreum and 

similar products, and other results. 
History, literature and statistics. 

198. The Wild Animal axd Menagerie-supply Trade. 

Literature and statistics. 

Methods of administration in menageries and zoological gardens. 

199. Protection of Wild Animals axd Game. Gaml Laws, Preserves, 



672 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 



DEPARTMENT 2.— THE MINES AND METALLURGY. 

20. Economic Geology and Mineralogy, and the History of Mines, Etc. 

201. Geographical Distribution of Mineral Deposits. 

Maps, relief-models, and pictures to illustrate the resources of countries and 
regions, the location of mines and mineral localities ; to illustrate specific 
mines and deposits. 

Treatises on general resources of regions, and 011 special mines and deposits. 

202. Form of Mineral Deposits. Mineral Stratigraphy. 

Sections — graphic and stereographic — 'to illustrate veins, their location and 

character. Strata and beds, oils and gas layers, water layers. 
Pictures of mines, quarries, and workings. 

203. Character of Mineral Deposits. Economic Mineralogy. 

Collections of minerals arranged topographically — to illustrate the resources 
of regions ; to illustrate the character of special deposits ; arranged system- 
atically ; to show the present state of knowledge; for comparative study of 
local resources. 

Analyses of special deposits. 

204. Rock Deposits, etc. Distribution, Form and Character. 

Quarries, beds, etc., illustrated by maps, sections, pictures and literature. 
Collections of rocks, arranged stratigraphically, to illustrate location of 

deposits; arranged by regions; arranged systematically ; arranged to show 

possibilities of application. 
Collections of other non-metallic mineral substances. 

205. Metallurgical Chemistry and Physics. 

Methods and results to be shown from standpoint of direct value to the 

industrial arts. 
Historical exhibit to show the importance of these sciences to the arts of 

mining and metallurgy. 

206. Petrography and its economic Application. 

Methods and results, as in Class 205. 

Microscopic structure of rocks, shown by slides, etc. 

Tests of strength and resistance power of building stones, with machinery. 

Tests of durability, weathering, etc., with examples. 

207. History of Mines and Mining. 

Prehistoric mining in Europe and America. 

Early commerce in metals. 

Specimens of primitive tools and products. 

History and relics of special mining enterprises, and their relation to the 

history of civilization, e. //., the gold mines of California, the diamond 

mines of Africa, etc. 
Retrospective exhibits of all kinds. 
Literature and statistics. 

208. Mining Commerce. 

Markets and centers of consumption, past and present. 

Storage methods. Piling coal, etc. 

Prices, past and present. Duties, etc. 

Transportation routes and methods. Exporl and import. 

Petroleum, pipe-lines, etc. 

209. Mining Sanitation and Life-saving Methods, 

(See also ('lass 865.) 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'* FAIR. 673 

21. Mine Engineering. 'Illustrated by Models, Maps and Sections.) 

210. History of Mining Methods. 

Retrospective exhibits. Plans of abandoned mines. Ancient methods. 
Early literature of the art. Pictures and models. 

211. Prospecting and Plotting of Mines. 

Surface surveying and maps. Nature and extent of deposits. 
Underground surveys and projection of work, location of shafts, tunnels, 

etc. 
Surveys for aqueducts and drainage. 

212. Mining Shafts and Tunnels. 

Sinking and lining of shafts, wells, adits, tunnels, levels, aqueducts, timber- 
ing, lagging, etc. 
Cutting stalls, headings, etc. 
Opening, stopping and breaking down ore. 
Hoisting and delivery of ore. Raising and lowering miners. 

213. Drainage, Ventilation and Lighting of Mines. 

Drainage by pumps, pumping engines, buckets or adits. 
Ventilation — Methods and apparatus. 
Lighting — Lamps, safety lamps. 
Signals. Parachutes. Safety apparatus. 

214. Subaqueous Mining, Blasting, etc. 

Methods, apparatus and history. 

215. Quarry Engineering. 

216. Oil Wells: Machinery and Management. 

(See Class 153.) 

217. Natural Gas: Machinery and Management. 

(See Class 154.) 

218. Instruments of Precision used in Mine Engineering. 

219. Models and Plans of Representative Mines. 

22. Mining and Metallurgical Tools and Machinery. 

220. Ancient Tools for Mining, Quarrying and Smelting. 

Retrospective exhibits, literature, etc. 

221. Miners' Tools. 

Hammers and mauls, picks, chisels, crowbars, wedges, drills. 
Other tools and articles of personal equipment. Sieves, shovels, scoops and 
barrows. 

222. Drilling and Boring Machines for use in Rock and Earth. 

Machinery of shaft and well-cutting. 

223. Machines and Apparatus for Coal Cutting, etc. 

224. Excavating and Dredging Machines. 

Steam scoops and shovels. Steam dredge scoops, suction excavators, etc 
Machinery for hydraulic and placer mining. 

225. Hoisting Machinery for Mines. 

Hoisting appliances for miners or product. 
Machinery used in pumping, draining and ventilation. 

226. Blasting and Explosives. 

Retrospective exhibit. History of blasting. Literature. 
Explosives of all kinds (exhibit to be by model or empty package). 
Fuses and accessories of blasting. 

227. Crushing and Sorting Machinery, etc., for Ores and Rocks. 

Crushing, grinding, sorting and dressing machines. Breakers, stamping 
nulls, sieves, screens, jigs, concentrators. 

SM 91, pt 2 43 



674 KEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

228. • Smelting Furnaces, etc. 

Furnaces and smelting plant of all kinds. 

229. Bessemer Plant, etc. 

Note. — A place is also assigned to mining and metallurgical machinery in connec- 
tion with the general machinery exhibit. It may be installed in either place, but 
would probably be more instructive here. 

23. The Principal Mining Industries. Special Monographic Exhibits. 

231. Gold Mining. 

Stream-bed and placer working. 

Lode working. 

Monographic exhibit — Tool, methods, miners and results. 

Extraction of free gold from auriferous gravel by amalgamation, and from 
auriferous pyrite in quartz by stamping and amalgamating. 

Extraction of gold from auriferous mispickle (arsenical pyrites) by roast- 
ing and chlorination. 

Extraction of gold and copper from auriferous copper ores by the fusion 
and electrolytic process. 

The manufacture of gold leaf. 

232. Silver Mining. 

Extraction of silver from base ores by chlorodizing, roasting, and milling 
(amalgamation). 

Smelting of argentiferous lead ores and the rehiring of the base bullion (sil- 
ver and lead). 

The refining of base bullion (silver and lead). 

233. Iron and Steel. 

Monographic exhibit. 

234. Copper. 

Native copper, sulphide ores, oxidized ores. 
Smelting and refiuing of copper by the fusion process. 
Refining of pig copper. 
Rolling of copper. 

235. Diamonds and Precious Stones in General. 

236. Lead, Quicksilver, Antimony, Tin, Nickel, Arsenic, Bismuth, Cadmium 

and Cobalt, etc. 

237. Zinc. 

238. Barites, Feldspar, etc. 

239. Other Industries. 

24. Quarrying and Stone Working. 

240. History of the Use of Stone. 

Early quarries and stone masonry. Literature. Folk-lore. 

241. History and Statistics of Quarries and Building Stone. 

Prices, past and present. Markets and traffic. 

Comparative use of stone and other materials, past and present, and in vari- 
ous localities. 
Social and economic condition of operatives. 

242. Granite, Gneiss, Porphyry, etc. 

243. Marble and Limestone. 

244. Sandstone, Freestone, and other Massive Building Stones. 

245. Slates for Roofing, etc., and the other Flagging and Sheathing 

Stones. 
2lb*. Building Stone, Marbles, Slates, etc. 

Rough hewn, sawed or polished, for buildings, bridges, walls, or other con- 
struction, or for interior decoration. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 675 

246. Building Stone, Marbles, Slates, etc. — Continued. 

Stone ready for use for building-decoration, statuary, monuments and fur- 
niture, in blocks or slabs, not manufactured. 

247. Stone Working. Methods and Products. 

Stone breaking, crushing, and pulverizing. 
Stone-dresser's art. 

Carver's and sculptor's art. (From mechanical side.) 
Lapidary's and gem-cutter's art. 

248. MASONRY. (See also Construction.) 

Stone and brick laying in mortar, etc. 

Stuccoing and plaster molding. 

Construction of concrete and other roads and pavements. 

249. Mosaics axd Ornamental Stonework. 

(Sec Department 7.) 

25. Coal, Petroleum, and Gas. A Comprehensive Monographic Exhibit. 

250. Historical Exhibit of Mineral Combustibles and their Uses. 

251. Chemistry and Geology of Coal, etc. 

252. The Coal Mines. 

253. The Petroleum Region. 

History of petroleum. 
Methods of exploitation. 
Transportation and consumption, 

254. Natural Gas. 

A monographic display. 

255. Illuminating Gas and its Manufacture. 

256. Bitumens and Asphaltums. Tars. 

257. Peat, etc. 

258. The Applications of Coal, Petroleum, etc.— A Monographic Display. 

The objects to be shown here for a special purpose in limited number will, 
of course, be shown elsewhere in their customary relationships. 

259. Commerce in Coal, Petroleum, and their Derivatives. 

Historical and statistical data showing relations of coal and petroleum to 

all the arts of civilization. 
Prices. Routes of traffic, etc. 

26. Exploitation of Water and Ice and other Surface Deposits. 

261. Water Supply. 

Springs and fountains. Utilization. Retrospective exhibits. 

Cisterns and storage tanks. Other receptacles. 

Artesian wells. Pumps. Well apparatus. 

Water supply (independent of engineering and sanitary considerations). 

Darns, aqueducts, sluices. 

262. The Ice Industry. 

Harvesting ice. Tools and methods. Pictures. 
Ice storage. Ice supply. Methods and statistics. 

Ice manufacture, refrigerators, cold storage, etc., may possibly be conven- 
iently shown in this connection. 

263. Mineral Waters. 

Geographical distribution. Chemistry. 

Sources. Exhibits of special springs, with pictures, etc. 

Methods of bottling, etc. Transportation, prices, markets. 

264. The Salt Industries. 

Salt springs and evaporating works. 



676 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

264. The Salt Industries — Continued. 

Sea salt. Natural evaporating basins, and artificial methods, as on Cape 

Cod. Methods, statistics and history. 
Salt mines. Methods, tools, products, trade, etc. 

265. Phosphate and Marl Industries. 

266. The Guano Islands. 

History, statistics, methods and product 

267. Amber Dredging. 

Monographic exhibit. 

268. Sand of Sea and River and other Strand Workings. 

269. Sulphur, Earths, Clays and Salts, not elsewhere classed 

Monographic exhibits of each industry. 

27. Metallurgical Products.* 

270. Precious Metals. 

Examples in various stages, not shown elsewhere 

271. Iron and Steel. 

In the pig, ingot and bar. 

Plates and sheets. 

Specimens of slags, fluxes, residues, and products of working. 

Edge tools. 

272. Copper. 

In ingots, bars and rolls. 

Specimens showing stages of production. 

273. Lead, Zinc, Antimony, Aluminum, etc., the Result of Extractive Proc- 

esses. 
Illustrations of manufacture and products. 

274. Alloys used as Materials. 

Statuary, bronze, gun, bell and speculum metal. 
Brass, and alloys used as a substitute for it. 
White alloys, as Britannia metal, German silver, pewter, etc. 
Type metal, sheathing metals, and other alloys. 
Babbitt or anti-friction metals. 
275. 

276. Products of the Working of Crude Metals. 

Castings, bells, etc. 

Commercial iron. Special kinds of iron. Architectural iron and railroad 

iron, etc. Plates for sheeting and construction. 
Sheet iron and tin. Sheet iron coated with zinc or lead. 
Copper, lead and zinc sheets, etc. 

277. Wrought Materials. 

Forge work. 

Wheels and tires. 

Chains. 

I In welded pipe. 

278. Products of Wire Drawing. 

Needles and pins. 

Wire rope. Wire in general. Barbed and other fence wire. Wire gauzes, 
lattices. Perforated iron. 

279. Miscellaneous Products of Metal Working. 

Tin -ware of all kinds. 

Sheet-iron work. 

Copper sheet and its applications. 

Wrought and forged work not elsewhere classed. 



f For products of the metal-working arts, see Class 46. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 677 

28. Products of Mines not Elsewhere Placed. 

281. Cements, Lime, etc. 

Lime, cement and hydraulic cement, raw and burned, accompanied by spec- 
imens of the crude rock or material used, etc. 

.Specimens of lime-mortar and mixtures, with illustrations of the processes 
of mixing, etc. ; hydraulic and other cements. 

282. Artificial Stone, etc. 

Beton mixtures and results, with illustrations of the processes. 
Artificial stone for building purposes, building blocks, cornices, etc. 
Artificial stone mixtures for pavements, walls or ceilings. 

283. Clays, etc. 

Clays, kaolin, silex, and other materials for the manufacture of porcelain 
faience, and of glass, bricks, terra cotta and tiles, and fire brick ; refractory 
stones for lining furniture, sandstone, steatite, etc., and refractory fur- 
nace materials, bricks, and tiles. 

284. Graphite, etc. 

Graphite — crude and refined — for polishing purposes, for lubricating, elec- 
trotyping, photography, pencils, etc. 

285. Polishing and Abrading Materials. 

Hones, whetstones, grindstones; grinding and polishing materials; sand 
quartz, garnet, crude topaz, diamond, corundum, emery, in the rock and 
pulverized, and in assorted sizes and grades. 

Sandpaper and its manufacture. 

286. Brines and Alkalies. 

Natural brines, saline and alkaline efflorescences and solutions. 

287. Mineral Fertilizers. 

Mineral fertilizing substances, gypsum, phosphate of lime, marls, shells, 
coprolites, etc., not manufactured. 

288. Mineral Combustibles. 

Coal, anthracite, semi-bituminous and bituminous ; coke, coal waste, and 
pressed coal; albertite, asphalt, and asphaltic limestone; bitumen, min- 
eral tar, crude petroleum. (See also Class 117.) 

289. Asbestos and its Applications. 

29. Miners, Quarrymen, and Operatives. 

291. Numerical Statistics. Nationality, etc. 

292. Social Statistics — Physical Condition'. 

293. Intellectual and Moral Condition. 

294. Customs, Dialects. 

295. Food. 

296. Clothing and Personal Equipment. 

297. Habitations. 

298. Miners' Societies. 

299. Mining Towns. 

Mining towns in America and other countries. Pictures. m:ips. Special 
local exhibits. 

DEPARTMENT 3.— MARINE AND FISHERIES. 

30. The Sea and Inland Waters. Physical Conditions. Aquatic Life. 

300. The Sea and its Physical Conditions. (Thalassography.J 

Oceanic basins. Coast lines. Depths and soundings. Temperatures. Cur- 
rents. Salinity. Pressure. Light. 

Characteristic deep-sea deposits. Character of the bottom. Characteristic 
plant and animal life of the great depths. 



678 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

300. The Ska and its Physical Conditions — Continued. 

Geology of the depths. Maritime geography. Charts of ocean areas. 

Models in relief of the oceanic basins. 

Fishing grounds. Models and maps. Special research. 

301. Inland Waters. Continental Hydrography. 

Hydrographic basins. Maps showing limits. Maps and relief models of 
special basins. Watersheds and divides. Elevations. Special hydro- 
graphic faunas. 

Rivers and their characteristics. Fall, and its relation to water power. 
Obstructions, natural and artificial. 

Cataracts and rapids. Plans. Pictures of surrounding scenery. 

Lakes and ponds. Pictures. Surroundings. Physical characteristics. 

Brooks and creeks. 

302. Marine Meteorology. 

Winds and storms. Tornadoes. Fogs. 
Storm charts and warnings at sea. 

303. The Science of Navigation. 

Charts of all kinds. Routes of travel. 
Instruments and methods of observation. 
Signal codes. 
Obstructions to navigation. (Ice, derelicts, etc.) 

304. Voyages and Explorations. 

Literature and history of voyages. 

Voyages of circumnavigation, deep-sea exploration, etc. 

Arctic and antarctic voyages. 

305. Marine and Aquatic Research. 

Institutions and organizations. Fish commissions. 

Literature. 

Apparatus. 

Methods and instruments. 

306. Light-houses. 

History and literature. 
Methods of construction. 
Distribution, maps, etc. 

307. Light-ships. 

308. Aquatic Life: Scientific Collections and Literature. 

Works on aquatic zoology and botany. Maps illustrating geographical dis- 
tribution, migration, etc., of fishes and other aquatic animals. 

Specimens and representations illustrative of the relations between extinct 
and existing forms of life. 

Specimens (marine and fresh water), fresh, stuffed, or preserved, in alcohol 
or otherwise, casts, drawings, and representations of. 

Alga>, genera and species, with localities. 

Sponges, corals, polyps, jellyfish, etc. 

Entozoa and Epizoa. 

Mollusca of all kinds and shells. 

Starfishes, sea urchins, holothurians. 

Worms used for bait or noxious; leeches, etc, 

Crustacea of all kinds. 

Fish of all kinds. 

Reptiles, such as tortoises, turtles, terrapins, lizards, serpents, frogs, newts, 

etc. 
Aquatic birds. 
Aquatic mammalia (oilers, seals, whales, etc.). 

309. Aquaria in operation. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 679 

31. Seaports and Harbors. Ocean Commerce. River Commerce. 

310. History of Water Commerce. 

Retrospective collections. Seaports and fishing ports of <>1<1 times. Maps, 
views and literature. 

311. Modern Seaports and Fishing Towns. 

Maps and views. Statistical statements. 

Systems of marine insurance. Systems of salvage. Wrecking systems. 

Maps showing relationships and commercial connections. 

312. Ocean Commerce. 

Routes of traffic. History and statistics. 

History and statistics of trading companies. 

Foreign trade and coasting trade. Tonnage statistics. 

313. River and Harbor Commerce. 

Maps and charts. 

History and statistics by rivers and by countries. Ferry systems. 

314. Lake Commerce. 

Treatment as above. 

315. Canal Systems. 

History and literature. 

Maps and systems. 

Methods and appliances. Locks and towpaths. 

316. Ferries. 

Treatment as above. 

317. Harbor Protection and Regulation. 

Breakwaters. 

Other appliances for breaking the force of the sea at the entrance of harbors. 

Harbor lights and signals. Beacons, bells and whistles. 

Buoy 8 and buoy systems. 

Harbor police. Police boats. Quarantine. 

318. Piers, Slips and Dry Docks. 

Wharves of all kinds. 
Floating docks and landings. 
Dry docks. Graving docks. 
Marine railways. 

319. Pilot Systems. 

History and literature. 

Systems of organization. Pilot boats and signals. 

Fees and financial methods. 

32. Mariners and Fishermen. Outfitters and Capitalists. 

320. The Folk-lore oe Mariners, etc. 

Literature of sea-fariug life, etc. 
Dialects as shown in books, songs, etc. 
Tales and traditions of the sea. 

321. Shore Life of Mariners. 

Houses and boarding houses. Places of amusement. 

Churches and bethels. 

Seamens' homes and retreats. Hospitals. 

Shops and outfitting establishments. 

322. Sea Life of Mariners. 

Interior views and plans. 

Sleeping accommodations, bunks and hammocks. 

Rations. Galley and its outfit. 

Handicraft. Ropework. Scrimshandy. Tattooing. 

Amusements. 



680 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

323. Costume and Personal Equipment of Mariners, etc. 

Clothing of sailors and fishermen of all nations. 

Waterproof garments, etc. 

Personal equipment, knives, etc. 

Clothing of fisherwomen and fish-women of all nations. 

324. Economical Condition of Mariners and Fishermen. 

Wages and profits. 

Insurance systems. Benefit societies. 

325. Steamboatmen. Economic Condition, etc. 

326. Population of Seaport Towns. Economic Condition, etc. 

327. Capital and its Employment in Marine Affairs. 

328. Marine Insurance Systems. Underwriters. 

History and literature. 
329. 

33. Boats and Sailing l/esse/s. 

330. Ship Building and Boat Building. 

History, literature and statistics. 

Pictures of shipyards and of vessels on the stocks. 

The evolution of the ship, of rigging, and of hull, shown by progressive series 

of building models. 
Methods of designing and projection. 
Lines of representative ships. 

Tools of shipbuilding. Materials and their sources. 
Timber and forms. 
Shipbuilder's hardware. 

Riggers' lofts and methods of rigging. Riggers' tools. Ropes and canvas. 
Ways and launchings. 
Boat building. 

331. Ship Rigging, Canvas and Cordage. 

Spars and masts, and all accessories. 

Sails and sail-making. Tools and methods. 

Canvas for sails and other marine uses. Sails, awnings, etc. 

Cordage of all kinds for marine use. 

Riggers and sail-makers. Lofts, etc. 

332. Ship Chandlery and Boat Fittings. 

Hardware of all kinds for use on vessels and boats. Blocks and cleats, row- 
locks. 
Anchors, killicks and drags. 
Steering gear of all kinds. 
Oars, sweeps and boat-hooks. 

Ship tools. Carpenters' tools. Boatswains' tools. 
Other fittings. 
(For ship's instruments, see Class 358.) 

333. Square-rigged Vessels. 

Models and pictures. 
Builders' models and lines. 
Evolution of hull and rigging. 

334. Fore and Apt Rigged Vessels. 

Models, pictures, etc., as in previous class. 
The American schooner: Monographic exhibit. 
The English cutter: Monographic exhibit. 
Fishing vessels, pleasure yachts, etc 
Pilot boats (see also Class 319). 

33r>. Seagoing Vessels of Foreign Types. 

Junks, etc. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 681 

336. Sailboats op all Kinds and Nations. 

Catboats, etc. 
Sloop-rigged sailboats. 
Schooner-rigged sailboats. 
Cutter-rigged sailboats. 
Sailboats of other rigs. 
Flying proas, etc. 
Ice boats. 

337. Canoes and Rowboats. 

Coracles and curraghs. Skin boats, as the Eskimo kyak and nmiak. 
Bark canoes. Dugouts. Punts and scows for poling. Modern canoes for 
cruising and fishing. Other types. 

Dories and sharpies, etc. Sneak-boxes, etc. Yawls, dingies, etc. White- 
hall boats and others of similar construction. Whale-boats, seine-boats, 
etc. Racing shells and barges. Other types. 

338. Scows and Lighters. Canal Boats. 

Coal barges. Dredging scows. Boats for carrying telegraph cable or rail- 
road trains. 
"Camels." 

339. Boats for Special Purposes. 

Water boats, fire floats, bathing boats, house boats, screw and floating 
docks, police boats, portable boats, canvas boats, folding boats, rafts, 
catamarans, balsas, used for navigation or life-saving. 

Life boats. 

34. Steamships and Steamboats. 

340. Historical and Retrospective Exhibit. 

Drawings and models. Relics of the work of Rumsey, Fitch, Fulton, Stev- 
ens and other pioneers. 

341. Ocean Steamships and Coast Steamers. 

Paddle-wheel and screw-propeller. 

342. Steamboats. 

River, lake and sound steamboats. 

Paddle-wheel and screw-propeller and stern- wheel. 

343. Armored Cruisers, Torpedo Boats and Appliances. 

344. Launches, Tenders, etc. 

Boats burning coal, napthaline and petroleum. Electric boats. 

345. Steam Lighters and Floating Elevators. 

Car floats, barges, etc. 

346. The Steam Pleasure Yacht. 

Monographic exhibit. 

347. Engines and Machinery. 

Single, double and triple expansion boilers. 

Coal handling and stoking appliances. 

Steam and steam-steering appliances. 

Devices for hoisting sail and handling cargo. Winches and ships' pumps. 

348. Ship Instruments and Furnishings. 

Compasses, barometers, telescopes, quadrants, and sextants, trumpets, fog 
horns, lamps and lanterns. Electric search lights, lumiuous paints, logs, 
and log-lines, lead and lead-lines. Log-books and ship stationery. 

349. Steamer's Commissary. 

Cabins and state rooms. Cabin and deck furniture. Emigrant bunks. 
Culinary and eating arrangements. Store-rooms and refrigerating appli- 
ances. 



682 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

35. Sea Fishing and Angling. 

350. History of Fishing, Fishery Laws, and Fish Commerce. 

Ancient fishing implements or their reproductions. Models. Pictures. 

Books. Emblems. Charters and seals of ancient fishermen's guilds. 
Fishery laws of different countries. 
Copies of treaties, conventions, etc., dealing with international fishery 

relations. 
Reports, statistics and literature of fish, fishing and fisheries. 
Reports of acclimatization of fish, and of attempts in that direction. 

351. Gear of every Description and of all Nations, used in Trawl, Her- 

ring, Long Line, Hand Line, and every other Mode or System of 
Fishing. 

352. Fish Hooks, Jigs and Drails. 

353. Fishing Lines and Rigged Gear. 

354. Fishing Rods and Reels for Lines and Nets. 

355. Nets and Seines, Rakes and Dredges, and Materials used in their Manu- 

facture. 

356. Fish Traps, Weirs and Pounds. 

357. Fishing Stations and their Outfit. 

358. Knives, Gaffs and other Apparatus. 

359. Illustrations of Special Fisheries. 

The whale and seal, cod, mackerel, halibut, herring, haddock, pollock, 
menhaden, swordfish, bluefish, oyster, sponge, and other sea fisheries. 

36. Fresh-Water Fishing and Angling. 

361. History and Literature of Angling. 

Waltonian literature. 
Folk-lore. Anglers' trophies. 

362. Salmon Nets and Fixed Appliances for Catching Salmonid.e in all 

their Varieties. 

363. Salmon Rods, Reels, Lines, Artificial Flies and Baits, Gaffs, Spears, 

Creels, etc. 

364. Bass, Pike, Perch Rods, Reels and Tackle, Artificial Spinning Baits, 

etc. 

365. Traps, Nets, Bucks, Wheels, and all kinds of Apparatus for Catching 

Eels, Lampreys, etc. 

366. Anglers' Apparel of every Description. 

367. The Anglers' Camp and its Outfit. 

368. Illustrations of Special Fresh-Water Fishery. 

Shad and alewife, sturgeon, eel, salmon, whitefish, and Great Lake fish- 
eries, etc 

37. Products of the Fisheries and their Manipulation. 

A. Preparation, Preservation and Utilization of Fishery Products. 

a. For edible purposes. 

371. Models of Fish-Curing and Canning Establishments. 

Methods of and models and other representations «>(' any appliances for dry- 
ing, curing, Baiting, smoking, tinning, cooking, etc 

372. Pish, Dried, Smoked, Cured, Salted, Tinned, or otherwise Prepared 

for Pood. 
37::. All Products Prepared prom PisHj such as Oils, Roes, [singlass, etc. 
371. Antiseptics Suitable for Preserving Pish for Pood. 



39. Aquatic Life-Saying Systems. Swimming and Diving. 

391. Diving Apparatus. 

Apparatus for diving and swimming practically exhibited. 

392. Life Preservers, Swimming Belts, etc. 

393. Appliances of Maritime Life-Saving Service. 

394. Mortars for Casting Lines. 

395. Life boats, etc. 

396. Apparatus to prevent Collision at ska. 

397. Distress Signals. 

398. The Resuscitation of the Apparently Drowned. 

399. Diving Machinery, Diving Bells. Nautiluses, Diving Armor, etc. Sub- 

marine Boats. 






DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 683 

b. For other than edible purposes. 

375. Oils, Manures, and other Products Prepared from Fish. 

376. Methods of and Models and other Representations of Appliances for 

Preparing Oil and Manures from Fish. 

377. Ska and Fresh-Water Pearl Shells; Mother-of-Pearl Manufactured; 

Pearls Sorted. 

378. Preparation and Application of Sponges, Corals, Pearls, Shells, and 

all Parts and Products of Aquatic Animals, etc., to Purposes Use- 
ful and Ornamental, with Specimens. 

B. Transport and Sale of Fish. 

379. Appliances for Carrying Fish, and for Preserving Fish during 

Transport or Otherwise, and Models of the same. Models of Fish 
Markets and Appliances connected with the same. 

38. Fish Culture. 

380. The History of Fish Culture. 

381. Hatching, Breeding and Rearing Establishments, including Oyster 

and other shell-fish grounds. 

382. Apparatus and Implements connected with Fish Culture and for 

Transporting Fish and Fish Ova. Food for Fry. 

383. Representations Illustrative of the Development and Progressive 

Grow t th of Fish. 

384. Models and Drawings of Fish Ways And Fish Ladders. 

385. Diseases of Fish, with Special Reference to their Origin and Cure. 

Models and Drawings. 

386. Processes for Rendering Streams Polluted by Sewage and Chemical 

or other Works Innocuous to Fish Life. (Illustrated by models 
and drawings.) 

387. Physico-chemical investigation into those qualities of salt and 

fresh water which affect Aquatic Animals; investigation of the 
bottom of the sea and of lakes, shown by samples ; aquatic plants 

IN RELATION TO FlSHING, ETC. ; RESEARCHES INTO THE AQUATICA FaUNA 

(animals of the several classes, preserved in alcohol or prepared, etc); 
apparatus and implements used in such researches. 

388. Acclimatization of Fish. Marking of introduced Fish for purposes 

of identification. 

389. Statistics of the results of Fish Culture. 

Specimens of fish artificially propagated or introduced. 






it 



684 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 



DEPARTMENT 4.— MANUFACTURES AND OTHER ELABORATIVE 

INDUSTRIES* 

40. Machinery and Motors. 

401. Motors and Apparatus for the Generation and Transmission of Power. 

Early histoiy of motors and power. 

Boilers and all steam and gas generating apparatus for motive purposes. 
Appliances for removal of boiler incrustation. 

Water-wheels, turbines, water engines, hydraulic rams, water-pressure en- 
gines, wind mills. Utilization of tide forces. 

Steam, air and gas engines, stationary and portable. 

Apparatus for the transmission of power — shafting, belting, gear-wheels, 
cables, etc. 

Screw propellers, wheels for the propulsion of vessels, and other motors of 
similar nature. (See also Class 347.) 

Implements and apparatus used in connection with motors : Steam gauges, 
dynamometers, pressure gauges, etc. 

Lifting appliances and cranes, hoists, screw jacks, etc. 

Electric motors. (See Division 42.) 

Hydraulic motors and hydraulic lifts. (See Class 412.) 

402. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Apparatus, Aeronautics and Lifting. (See 

also Class 261.) 

Pumps and apparatus for lifting and moving liquids. Tympanums, hy- 
draulic rams, etc. 

Stop valves, cocks, pipes, etc. 

Pumps and apparatus for moving or compressing air or gas or vapors. 

Pumps and blowing engines, blowers, and ventilating apparatus. 

Hydraulic jacks, presses, elevators, lifts, cranes, and all appliances for mov- 
ing heavy weights. 

Fire engines — hand, steam or chemical — and fire-extinguishing apparatus, 
hose, etc. (See also Class 865.) 

Soda-water machines, bottling apparatus, corking machines, beer engines. 
(See also Classes 557 and 559.) 

Diving apparatus and machinery. (See Class 391.) 

Aeronautics. A monographic display, t 

Books, MSS., photographs, drawings and models relating to aeronautics. 

Raw materials used in the construction of halloons, such as silk, cotton, rope, nets, cane, etc. 

Gas balloons, captive or steering, montgolfiers, and separate parts used in the construction 
or working of balloons. 

Parachutes, kites and mechanical birds. 

Instruments for use in aeronautic meteorology, such as barometers, thermometers, hygrome- 
ters, registering appliances and photograpbic apparatus. 

Apparatus for making pure hydrogen, carbureted hydrogen, and carbureted air. 

Light motors, gas and petroleum engines. 

Electrical apparatus, susceptible of being utilized in aeronautics, such as motors, telegraphs, 
telephones and electric Lamps. 

Appliances for aerial correspondence l>y optica] telegraphy or by carrier pigeons. 

40S. Machinery and Apparatus of Mining, Metallurgy, Chemistry, Etc. 
(Sec also Department 2. ) 
Rock-drilling machinery. Well and shaft boring. Apparatus for artesian 
wells and water supply in general. Quarrying, etc. 



Stone-WOrking industries, see Division 29. Wood- working industries, see Divi- 
sion 17. 
t Classification that of the Aeronautical Exhibition, Paris, 1883. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 685 

403. Machinery and Apparatus of Mining, Metallurgy, Chemistry, Etc. — 

Continued. 

Hoisting, and machinery accessories, pumping, draining, and ventilating, 

for mines. 
Crushing, grinding, sorting and dressing. Breakers, stamps, mills, pans, 

screens, sieves, jigs, concentrators, compressors. 
Furnaces, smelting apparatus, and accessories. 
Machinery used in Bessemer process. 

Chemical manufacturing machinery. Electroplating. (See Class 428. ) 
Gas machinery and apparatus. Natural-gas appliances. 

404. Machines and Tools for Working Metal, Wood and Stone. (See also De- 

partment 2 and Division 46.) 

Machines and tools used by carpenters. Planing, sawing, veneering, groov- 
ing, mortising, tonguing, cutting, molding, stamping, carving, cutting 
veneers, and cask-making machines, etc. Cork-cutting machines, scroll- 
saws; direct-acting steam sawing machines, with gang saws. 

Machines for cutting moldings, borders for frames, floor squares, furniture, 
etc. Turning lathes and different apparatus of joiners and cabinetmakers. 
Machines for sharpening saws. 

Rolling mills, bloom squeezers, blowing fans. 

Furnaces and apparatus for castiug metals, with specimens of work. 

Steel, trip and other hammers, with specimens of work. Anvils, forges. 

Planing, drilling, slotting, turning, shaping, punching, stamping, slotting 
and screw-cutting machines. Lathes. Wheel cutting and dividing ma- 
chines, emery machines, drills, caps, gauges, dies, etc. Coining presses. 
File-cutting machines. Engineers' machine tools. Boiler-makers' tools, 
punching, riveting, drilling, plate-planing and welding machinery, etc. 
Nail and rivet making machines. 

Stone sawing and planing machines, dressing, shaping, and polishing, sand 
blast, glass-grinding machines, etc. Coal-cutting machines. 

Brick, pottery and tile machines. Machines for making artificial stone. 

Furnaces, molds, blowpipes, etc., for making glass and glassware. 

405. Machines and Implements of Spinning, Weaving and Felting. (See also 

Division 39. ) 

Appliances used in preparatory operations: Fiber-extracting machines, up- 
right looms, and methods of spooling. Accessory apparatus. Machines 
for fulling, calendering, embossing, watering, measuring, folding, etc. 

Appliances for hand-spinning separate pieces pertaining to the appliances 
of spinning mills. Machines and apparatus used in the preparation and 
spinning of textile substances. Apparatus and methods used in the opera- 
tions complementary to these, drawing, winding, twisting, and throwing; 
mechanical finishing. Apparatus for drying and determiningthe thickness 
and numbering the threads. 

Appliances of ropewalks, round cables, flat cables, tapering cables, ropes, 
twine, wire cable, cables with metal core, fuse, quick matches, etc. 

Machines and looms for the manufacture of plain fabrics, of silks, figured 
and embroidered stuffs. 

Machines for the manufacture and printing of cotton and linen goods. 

Machines for the manufacture of woolen goods and mixed fabrics. 

Looms for manufacturing carpets and tapestry. Looms and machines for 
the manufacture of hosiery and net. Appliances for lace making. Ap- 
pliances for making trimmings. Rug-making machinery. Mat-making 
machines. 

Machines for the manufacture and printing of felting. 

Machines for the manufacture of India-rubber goods, 



686 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

406. Machines, Apparatus, and Implements used in Sewing, making Clothing 

and Ornamental Objects. 
Sewing and knitting machines, clothes-making machines. Tools for sewing 

and making garments. Machines for sewing, hemming, stitching and 

embroidering. 
Machines for preparing and working leather cutters. 
Machines for making, nailing or screwing boots and shoes. 
Machines for washing, ironing, drying and scouring, not shown in Class 632. 

Plant for public laundries. 
Machines for making clocks and watches. 
Machines for making jewelry and trinkets. 
Machines for making buttons, pins, needles, etc. Machines for manufacture 

of rubber goods. 
Machines for making brushes. 

407. Machines Used in Preparing Foods, etc. 

Flour mills. Mills for arrowroot, starch, etc. 

Sugar-refining machines. Confectioner's machinery. 

Machines for making capsules and other pharmaceutical products. 

Oil-making machinery. Presses and stills. 

Appliances and machines for manufacture of tobacco. 

Mills for spices, coffees, etc. 

Evaporating machinery for making condensed milk. Fruit evaporators. 

Machinery and plant of abattoirs and slaughter-houses. 

Distillers' and brewery machinery. Bottling machinery. 

408. Machinery for Paper Making and Paper Working, and also for Type- 

setting and Printing. (See also Classes 816, 817.) 

Paper-making machinery of all kinds. 

Printing presses. 

Bed and platen machines, hand presses, lithographic presses, and copper 
and steel plate presses. 

Cylinder printing machines. 

Rotary machines. 

Type-setting and type-casting machines, etc. 

Type-casting and type-finishing machines. 

Apparatus for electrotyping, stereotyping in papier-mache, plaster, celluloid, 
rubber and kaolin. 

Type-setting and casting machines. 

Type-setting and distributing machines. 

Matrix type-setting and type-casting machines. 

Matrix-waxing and type-casting machines. 

Book-binding machines. 

Machines for book sewing and stitching. Cover making and printing ma- 
chine, embossing and stamping, slotting and stapling, paging and number- 
ing. 

Paper-folding machines. 

Newspaper and book folding machines. 

Newspaper wrapping and addressing machines. 

Folding attachments for printing presses. 

Bag-making machines. Tag machines. 

Papei and card cutting machines, 

Hook trimming and edge cutting. 

Paper cutters : Guillotine, under-cut, plow cutters, slitters (rotary), shear 
knife. 

Card cutters: Rotary, shear knife, perforating, punching and stamping 
machines. 

Envelope and embossing machinery. 



DRA.FT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 687 

409. Wheel Vehicles, etc. 

History of wheel vehicles. Retrospective collections. Early methods re- 
placed by present ones. Sedan chairs, litters, etc. 

Carts and wagons and trucks for movement of heavy objects and goods. 

Farm and country wagons. Milk and market wagons. Emigrant wagons. 
(See also Class 116.) 

Freight and express wagons, drays, trucks, dumping wagons, etc. 

Wagons for special use. Merchants' delivery and advertising wagons, ice- 
wagons, furniture vans. 

Carriages for pleasure and travel : Coaches and carriages of all kinds, drags, 
buggies, road-wagons, sulkies, carts, buckboards. 

Public vehicles: Stages, omnibuses, herdics, cabs, hacks 7 droskys, cab 
systems, etc. Hearses, ambulances, etc. 

Parts of vehicles and wheelwright's work. Wheels, tires, hubs, axles, etc. 
Shafts and poles, bodies, covers, seats, springs, and systems of hanging 
vehicles. Cushions and upholstery, lamps, wbeelwright machines, hard- 
ware. 

Hand trucks, handcarts, wheelbarrows, bath chairs, jinrikishas, etc. 

Road and street machinery. Rollers on wheels. Street-sweeping machines, 
street-sprinkling, road machinery. 

Sleighs, sleds, and sledges. Snow-plows. 

Cyclist's wheels. Bicycles, tricycles — foot, chain, steam, electric. (See 
also Class 832.) 

Harness and saddlery : Saddles, pack-saddles, bridles, and harness for riding 
animals. Stirrups, spurs, driving and riding whips, blankets, robes, etc. 
Sleigh bells. (See also Class 181 and Class 837.) 

41. Machinery and Motors {Continued). Railway Plant. (See a/so Class 822.) 

Note. — For the arrangement of Classes 410-419, as well as that of 340-449 (relating 
to the steamship) I am indebted to Mr. J. Elfretn Watkins, of the National Museum. 

410. Locomotive Engines. 

Steam engines, passenger and freight. 

Electrical engines, passenger and freight. 

Compressed-air and gas engines. 

Boilers and gates. Gauges. 

Pumps, injectors, and gauge cocks. 

Pistons, slide valves, and steam chests. 

Throttle levers and reversing gear. 

Spark arresters, extension smoke boxes, and cinder collectors. 

Tenders, tanks, water scoops and coal magazines. 

411. Cars. 

Passenger cars, parlor, dining, sleeping, special, observation, emigrant, 
sportsman's, officer's and paymaster's. 

Express and baggage cars. 

Mail cars: Appliances for dropping and picking up mail bags, for storing 
mail bags, and handling mail. 

Freight cars : Box cars, gondola cars, coal and mineral cars, tank cars, re- 
frigerator cars (meats and fruits). 

Seats and furniture. 

Lighting plant: Oil, gas, electricity. 

Heating plant : Stove, hot air, hot water, steam, electricity. 

412. Parts and Appliances for Locomotives and Cahs. 

Wheels, wheel centers and tires. 

Axles, journals, journal boxes and lubricating apparatus. 

Truck frames, springs and appliances. 



688 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

412. Parts and Appliances for Locomotives and Cars — Continued. 

Couplers and buffers, draw bars, vestibule appliances. 
Brakes — Air, direct and automatic, steam, vacuum, electric. 
Reservoirs, valves and otlier appliances. 
Brake beams, brake shoes. 

413. Permanent Way. 

Rails and splices. 

Cross-ties, spikes and rail fastenings. 
Splice bars, track bolts, stop washers. 
Frogs and crossings. 
Switches, points, levers, switch stands. 

Models and drawings of permanent way, excavation and embankment, re- 
taining walls, ballast, drainage systems, pipes and culverts. 

414. Signals. 

Block system and semaphores. 

Interlocking switch apparatus (lever, pneumatic and eJectric). 

Railway telegraph and train telegraph apparatus. 

Draw-bridge and tunnel signals. 

Train signals — Bell cord and gong, pneumatic and electric. 

Train flags, lanterns, torpedoes, fusees. 

415. Mechanical Accessories to Railway Plant. 

Machine shops — Special tools for construction of rolling stock, erection of 
locomotives and manufacture of appliances for permanent way. Portable 
cranes and special tools for wreck cars and construction cars. 

Graders, ditchers, and steam shovels. Snow plows and centrifugal excavators. 

Wreck cars, dump cars, hand-lever cars and trucks. 

416. Stations and Engine Houses. 

Passenger and freight elevators, transfer tables, furniture, ticket racks^ 

baggage barrows. 
Engine and car houses, turn tables and round houses, water tanks, track 

tanks. 

417. Rapid Transit in Cities. 

Street railways — Permanent way. Rails, chairs, cross-ties and longitudinals. 
Switches and frogs. 

Street railways and tramways — Horse cars and street-rolling stock. 

Underground railways — Entrance to stations, stairways, platforms, safety 
gates, exit signals. Snow scrapers and track brooms. Grip devices, 
brakes. Lighting and heating arrangements. Safety gates. 

Steam, electric and compressed-air motors. 

Traction cable and pneumatic systems. 

418. Tickets, Ticket Punches, Fare Registers, Station and Street Annunci- 

ators, and all Mechanical Appliances for Collecting Fares on Ele- 
vated and Street Railways. 

419. Gravity Roads and Telferage Systems. 

Inclined planes, rack railroads, vertical railroads. 

Telferage and suspended-cable lines. Machinery and appliances. 

42. Electricity and its Applications.* Special Monographic Exhibit. 

420. History and Principles of Electricity. 

Instructive apparatus to illustrate the history and to demonstrate the laws 

of magnetism and electricity to the student of natural philosophy. 
Friction machines, Leydenjars, etc. 

"For the arrangement of this class Iain indebted to Mr. J. Elfreth Watkins, of 
the National Museum. 



DEAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 689 

421. Magnets, etc. 

Lodestone, compasses (marine and surveyors'). Horseshoe and other mag- 
nets. Magnetic needle. 
Appliances for making permanent magnets. 

422. Machines and Apparatus for Producing and Storing Electricity (for 

power and light). 

Chemical batteries, coils and electro-magnets. 

Dynamos — High and low voltage, direct and alternating. For arc and in- 
candescent systems. 

Storage batteries. 

Portable batteries. 

Special shafting and appliances for increasing speed. 

423. Appliances for the Transmission and Regulation of the Electrical 

Current. 
Cables, wires and insulators, rheostats, switches, ammeters, resistance boxes, 

indicators and meters, voltmeters, hydrometers and converters. 
Safety and protective appliances. 
Lightning rods and ornaments, insulators, rods, cables and "grounds." 

424. Appliances for the Utilization of Electricity Direct or by Storage 

Batteries. 

Boat and car motors, boat-steering apparatus, electric locomotives. Over- 
head and underground systems. Fan, sewing-machine, dental and other 
small motors. Cables, insulators, etc. 

Thermal batteries, etc. Electric musical appliances. Magnetic locks. Chan- 
delier and lamp lighters. Appliances for igniting torpedoes and explosives, 

Apparatus for removing incrustation from steam boilers. 

425. Electric Telegraph and Signals. 

Transmitters, receivers, switch boards, and all special appliances for single, 
duplex, and quadruplex telegraphy. Keys, relays, repeaters. Tickers 
and brokers' lines. 

Bells, burglar alarms, clocks. 

Mechanical code transmitters. 

426. Electric Lamps and Fixtures. 

Arc lamps — Single, duplex. Carbons and attachments. Incandescent lamps, 

etc. 
Plugs and all other appliances for lighting. 

427. Telephones. (See also Class 813.) 

Receivers, whisperphones, switch boards, indicators and safety appliances. 

annunciators. Special wiring. 
Auxiliary apparatus for central stations and series systems. 

428. Electro-Chemistry. 

Electro-metallurgy, electric welding, electrolysis. 
Electroplating. Reproduction of relief work and works of art. 
Electrotyping. Appliances used for making plates for printing and illustra- 
tion. 

429. Therapeutic and other Appliances, not elsewhere classed. 

Medical machines, baths, brushes, rollers, galvanic chairs, circuit terminals, 

body wear, electrodes. 
Instruments for criminal execution may also be shown. 
Electric pens and gravers. 

43. Chemical Manufactures, etc., Oils, Soaps, Waxes, Glues, Paints, Dyes, etc., Painting and 

Dyeing. 

430. Principles of Applied Chemistry. 

431. The Manufacture of Acids and Alkalies. 

Vegetable acids — Acetic, citric, tartaric, oxalic, etc. 

SM 19, pt 2 44 



690 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

431. The Manufacture of Acids and Alkalies — Continued. 

Mineral acids — Sulphuric, nitric, boracic, hydrochloric, etc. 

The common commercial alkalies — Potash, soda and ammonia, and their 

compounds. 
Neutral salts of the alkalies, as saltpeter, borax, sulphate of soda, nitrate of 

soda, etc. 
Lime, magnesia, barytes, strontia, alum, etc. 
Acetate of lime, etc. 

432. Miscellaneous Chemical Products of Inorganic Origin, Pyrotechnics, 

Explosives. 
Sulphur, and its uses. 
Non-metallic substances, as sulphurate of carbon, chloride of sulphur, prus- 

siate of potash, etc. 
Metallic compounds, as salts of iron, copper and lead. 
Explosive and fulminating compounds. 
Black powder of various grades and sizes. Nitro-glycerine and the methods 

of using and exploding. Giant powder, dynamite, dualin, tri-nitro- 

glycerine. 
Pyrotechnics for display, signaling, missiles. 

433. The Manufacture of Gases. 

Manufacture of illuminating gas and coke. Tanks and plant. 
Nitrous oxide, oxygen, for heating, lighting, metallurgical and remedial 
uses, chlorine and carbonic acid gases. 

434. Distilling Industries. Manufacture of Perfumes, etc. 

Distillation of spirits. Wood alcohol. 
Distillation of turpentine and its products. 
Distillation of coal-tar products. 

Refuse petroleum, slate oil, paraffine, phenyl, acid benzoic, aniline, etc. 
Distillation of essential oils and perfumery manufacture. Materials, meth- 
ods, products. 
Musk, civet, ambergris. 

435. Oils, Fats, Soaps and Waxes. Their Preparation and Use. 

Organic oils and fats : Mammal oils and fats. Whale and sperm oils. But- 
ters, lards, tallows. Bird and reptile oils. Fish oils, derived from body 
tissue (as menhaden oil), and from liver (as cod-liver oil). 

Vegetable oils, from various seeds — Olive, cotton-seed, peanut, palm, cocoa- 
nut, etc. 

Methods and implements of oil rendering. Boiling and steaming. Sun 
rendering. Cold pressing. Chemical processes. Churning. 

Products of organic oils, soaps and detergents. Glycerine. Steariue. 
Oleomargarine, etc. Pomades and cosmetic products. Drying oils, can- 
dles, of stearine, glycerine, paraffine, etc. 

Lubricating oils. 

Waxes, spermaceti, etc. 

Bees-wax and other animal waxes, wax candles. 

White wax and other vegetable waxes. 

Vegetable substitutes for soap, such as soap-berries (Sapmdus sapomiria), 
soap-roots (Saponaria officinalis), iuillac bark, etc. 

Spermaceti and sperm candles. 

Mineral oils: Petroleum and its manipulation. 

Petroleum products, paraffine, vaseline, benzine, uapthaline, aniline, etc. 

436. Glues and Cements, Gums and Resins. 

(nuns and mucilaginous substance. Mucilaginous seeds, barks, pods and 
algae. Gums, made artificially, as "British Gums." Glues prepared from 

vegetables. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 691 

436. Glues and Cements, Gums and Resins — Continued. 

Resins. Gum resins and balsams. Tars. Gum elastics and gutta-percha. 

Distilled resins. 
Mineral resins, polishers and glues. Asphalt and bitumen. Coal tar. 

Soluble glues. Mortars. Cements. (See also under 22.) 
Varnishes and japans, and their manufacture. 
Gelatines. Glues, etc., of animal origin, from mammal hides and hoofs. 

Fish glues. Isinglass, etc. Court-plaster. 

437. India Rubber and Celluloid. 

India rubber, gutta-percha and caoutchouc. 

Impermeable articles — Clothing and foot wear, hydrostatic and air beds, 

water and air cushions, gas bags, bellows, valves, water and air-proof 

articles of every description. 
Elastic articles — Elastic webbing and its uses, accessories of costumes, 

springs and buffers of every description, washers, valves, etc., surgical 

and hygienic articles, rubber corks and stoppers. 
Molded, embossed and colored. Maps, bottles, bags, furniture covers, 

etc. 
Vulcanized rubber, in all its applications and in combination with metals. 
Gutta-percha in all its applications as a solid material and in solutions. 
Other uses of rubber. 
Celluloid and its applications. 
''Coralline," and other similar materials. 

438. Pigments and Dyes. 

Pigments, stains and dye materials of animal origin. Galls, etc., from ani- 
mals: Oxgall. Colors from insects : Cochineal lac, etc. From mollusks : 
Tyrian purple, etc., lehia. Essence d'Orient, or pearl white. Mummy 
pigment, bone black, animal charcoal. Hydrocarbon blacks. Thick- 
eners used in dyeing albumen. 

Pigments and stains from vegetables. Flowers and leaves : Indigo, Persian 
berries, safflower, saffron. Roots: Madder, turmeric. 

Dye-woods and barks: Log-wood, Brazil wood, sandal-wood, peach wood, 
cane wood, fustic, quercitron, etc. 

Nutgalls from Hymenopterous insects and Aphides. 

Lichen colors: Archil, cudbear. 

Argol, cream of tartar, oxalic acid. 

Astringents used in dyeing: Sumac, myrobolans. 

Pigments, stains, etc., from earths, oxides of iron, lead, zinc, etc. 

Chemical dyes : Prussiate of potash, album greeenm, permanganate of potash, 
etc. 

Aniline, napthaline and phenol dyes. 

Mordants, salicylic acid, tin, iron. 

Mineral thickeners, met-allic paints for vessels, gilts, bronzes. 

Flockings. 

Colors and dyes mixed for use. 

439. Painting. Dyeing, Staining, Varnishing, Gilding, Bleaching, btc. 

Use of water colors. 

Use of distemper colors, kalsomines, fireworks. 

Use of oil colors. 

Painting with vitrifiable colors on glass or pottery. (See 25-12*;.) 

Staining and dyeing of silk and wool. 

Color printing on cotton, etc. 

Color printing in manufacture of wall paper. 

Staining glass. (See also Class . ) 



692 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

439. Painting, Dyeing, Staining, Varnishing, Gilding, etc. — Continued. 

Varnishing, lacquering, japanning, polishing, preserving on wood and met- 
als. Samples of lacquer. Inlaid lacquer, etc. 
Gilding with gold leaf and water gilding. 
Bleaching materials and processes, 
Cleansing of soiled fabrics 
Fabrics of all kinds, shown as results of dyeing or painting processes. 

44. Pottery and its Manufacture. The Ceramic Art. 

440. Historical Collection. 

Prehistoric pottery : Old World, New World. 

Pottery of uncivilized races : Asiatic, Australasian, African, South Ameri- 
can, North American. 

Oriental Pottery : Egyptian, Phoenician and Judean, Assyrian and Babylo- 
nian, Western Asiatic, Arabian and Maghreb, Persian, Hindoostanese, 
Chinese, Corean, Japanese. 

European Pottery — Classical Period : Grecian, Etruscan, Roman and of the 
Roman Colonies. 

European Pottery — Mediaeval Period: Hispano-Moresque, Italian, French, 
German, English. 

European Pottery — Renaissance and Recent Period : Italian, French, Ger- 
man, Swiss, Dutch and Belgian, English, Spanish and Portuguese, Scandi- 
navian, Russian. 

South American Pottery : South American and Mexican. 

North American Pottery : United States. 

441. Soft Pottery. 

Unbaked bricks, adobe, etc. 

Terra-cotta, bricks, common and pressed, tiles, architectural forms, etc. 
Tessarae from powdered clay, 
Un glazed pottery. 
Lustrous pottery. 

Glazed pottery (drain tiles, sewer pipes, etc.). 

Enameled pottery (including delft, majolica, enameled lava, etc.). Enameled 
tiles. 

442. Hard Pottery and its Manufactures. 

Fire bricks, crucibles and pots. 

Stone ware, hard pottery, iron stone china. Druggists' and chemical ware. 

Floor tiles. Encaustic tiles. 

Brown ware, with salt glazing, colored and uncolored bodies. 

Other articles of hard pottery. 

443. Porcelain and its Manufactures. 

Hard paste porcelain, including parian, statuary, porcelains, etc. Biscuit 
ware. 

Soft paste porcelain, tender and with silieious bodies, implements and proc- 
esses. 

444. Materials <u<- Manufacture. 

Clays (china, ball, sagger), kaolin, feldspar, etc., enameling and coloring 
materials. 

445. Lathes, Apparatus for Engine Turning, Stamps, etc. 

446. Processes and Implements of Painting, Printing, Glazing, Crackling, 

etc. 
On bisque by hand. 
On bisque transferred. 
On the glaze by hand. 
On the glaze printed by force. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. GV(5 

446. Processes and Implements ok Painting, etc:. — Continued. 

On the glaze printed by hand. 
Gold, silver and steel lashes. 
Enameling. 
Gilding. 

447. Pottery Ovens and Enamel Kilns. 

448. Dictionary Collections. 

Forms of vessels and other articles of pottery. 
Manufacturers' marks. 

449. Pottery and Porcelain for Architectural, Table and Toilet Uses. 

45. G/ass and Enamels. 

450. Ancient Glass and its History. 

Glass of Assyria and Cyprus. Ancient European glass. 

451. Materials for Glass Making and their Combinations. 

Sands. Limestone. Potash. 

452. Glass Casting. Manufacture of Plate Glass. 

Plate glass — rough, ground aud polished. Pressed. Rolled. 
Glass for doors aud pavements. 

453. Glass Molding. 

Molded bottles and other wares. 

454. Glass-blowing and its Products. 

Manufacture of cylinder glass. Glass for windows, of all grades and qual- 
ities. 
Manufacture of bottles, vials, tubes and pipes. Chemical glassware. 
Fancy glass blowing and welding. 

455. Preparation of " Surface Glass." 

Polishing glass. 

Grinding glass surfaces. Cut glass and crystal for table use. 

Engraving with lathes. 

Etching and embossing. 

Sand-blast processes. 

456. Manufacture of Ornamental and Decorative Glass. 

Bohemian glass-working. Venetian glass. Austrian glass. Ruby glass. 
Manufacture of Roman pearls, beads, etc., crustated jet, spun glass, paste 

jewelry, colored glass for mosaics, etc., stained glass, pot metal and tinted. 

Other ornamental glass — crackled filigree, tempered. 
Millefiori and aventurine glass. 

457. Manufacture of Lenses and Optical Instruments. 

Lenses for telescope, microscope, photo-camera refractive apparatus. Pris- 
matic lenses for light-houses. 

458. Mirror Fabrication. 

Mirrors for optical and decorative use. 
Looking-glasses. 

459. Articles of Glass, or Glass in combination-, not elsewhere classed. 

Manufactured windows. Ventilators and shades. 

46. Metal-working Handicraft : Clocks and Watches, Cutlery, and other products, not else- 
where classed. 

461. Products of the Silver and Goldsmith's Art. 

Hall marks in piate. Church plate. Decorative and table plate. Articles, 
of gold and silver for personal use or the house. Trophies and prizes. 



694 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891 

462. Products of the Cutler's Art. 

Grinding, sharpening, polishing, buruishing. 

Hand tools and instruments used by carpenters, joiners, and for wood and 

stone in general. 
Miscellaneous hand tools used in industries, such as jeweler's, engraver's, etc. 
Cutlery, knives, penknives, scissors, razor straps and other implements. 
Other edge tools. 

463. Products of the Clock Maker's Art. 

Watches, chronometers, clocks, mantle clocks, and all other timepieces and 
reckoners, not shown as accessories of costume, of house fitting, of the 
decorative arts, or of sciences. 

Astronomical clocks and chronometers. 

Public clocks and their illumination. 

Pedometers. 

464. Products of the Gunsmith's Art. 

Firearms, guns and pistols, not shown as military and hunting weapons. 

465. Products of the Bell-making Art. 

Hand bells, steeple bells, etc. 

466. Hardware (shown as a Product, rather than as a Material or Ac- 

cessory). 
Hardware used in construction, exclusive of tools and instruments. Spikes, 
nails, screws, tacks, bolts, locks, latches, hinges, pulleys. Plumber's and 
gasfitter's hardware, furniture fittings, ship's hardware, saddler's hard- 
ware, and harness fittings and trimmings. 

467. Gold-beating and the Manufacture of Foils. 

Materials, processes and products. 

468. Castings in various Metals, not elsewhere placed. 

469. Forged Work in various Metals, not elsewhere placed. 

47. Furs and Leathers. — Tanning and Currying. 

471. Leathers.* 

Tanned leathers — belting, grain, harness leather. Sole leather. Oak, hem- 
lock and union leather. Upper leather, and leather tanned for all other 
purposes. Calf, kip and goat skins tanned and finished. Sheepskins tan- 
ned. Splits tanned. All other tanned leather. 

Curried leathers — calf, kip and sheep skins finished. Sides of finished 
leather for all purposes. All other skins finished. 

Patent and enameled leathers. Morocco — black enameled leather. Black 
japanned grain leather. Colored enameled leather (Morocco finish). Black 
and colored splits. All other products. 

Other leathers — rawhides, babiche, etc. Bull sinew. Rough-tanned leathers ; 
crop kid, offal, bragils. Horse butts and hides; calf, seal and hog skins. 
Alligator, porpoise, walrus and kangaroo leather. Russia leathers; im- 
ported and American. Oil leather; buckskin, doe, calf, lamb, sheep, ox, 
cow, cape sheep. White or alum leather. Horse, calf, sheep, lamb, kid, 
for gloves, white and dyed. Parchment for deeds and bookbinding. 
Vellum for bookbinding, painting, drumheads, and gunpowder sieves. 
Bladder. Gold beater's sum, etc. Catgut. Fish leather, eel skins, sha- 
green. Stamped and embossed leather. Other leathers. 

472. Furs and Skins. 

Furs of the cat tribe. 
Purs of the wolf tribe. 



Tlit classification of tanned, curried, and patent leathers is that adopted by the 
Eleventh Census. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'* FAIR. 695 

472. Furs and Skins— Continued. 

Furs of the weasel tribe. 

Furs of the bear tribe. 

Furs of the seal tribe— fur seals, Alaska, Oregon, South Georgia, Shetland 
and Siberia, undressed, plucked and dyed. Hair seals— Greenland ami 
Labrador seals, spotted seals, silver seal, harp seal, saddle-baek. 

Furs of rodent animals, squirrels, chinchilla, beaver, hares and rabbits. 

Skins and rugs of hoofed animals. 

Miscellaneous furs. 

Bird skins treated as furs— swan and swan-down skins, goose and goose- 
down used as swan-down, grebe, eider duck, penguin. 

473. Tanning Materials. 

Tan barks, as hemlock, oak, Brazilian, acacia, etc. 

Oak and hemlock bark extracts. 

"Pods, berries, seeds, and fruits, as Algaraab, acacia, Nib-Nib, and Divi- 

Divi pods." 
Galls. 

Catichu Kino. Gambier. Sumac. 
Mineral substances, as alum. 
Currier's oil. 

474. Methods of Tanning and Preparation. 

Tanning and currying of leather. 
Dressing fur skins. Indian tanning. Oil dressing. 
Preparation of white or alum leather, red leather, etc. 
Preparation of parchment and vellum. 
Manufacture of enameled and japanned leather. 
Manufacture of Morocco, roan and other dyed leathers. 
Manufacture of rawhide, babiches, etc. 
Plucking and dyeing furs. 

475. Boot and Shoe Making. 

Products of all kinds. 

476. Harness and Saddlery Making. 

Products of all kinds, not shown in Class—. 

477. Manufacture of Trunks and Bags. 

478. Manufacture of Braces, Belts, etc. 

479. Leather Articles not elsewhere classed. 

48. The Textile Industries. 

NoTE _For the arrangement of this division I am indebted to Mr. S. N. D. North. 
The classification is that adopted lor the Eleventh Census of the United States, and 
it is suggested that, for purposes of future comparison and reference, the uniformity 
thus insured will justify the somewhat more minute specification than would other- 
wise be necessary. * 

480. The History of Carding, Combing, Spinning, Wkavi.no and Finishing. 

Implements, and their evolution. 
(Machinery now in use under 405. ) 

481. Textile Fibers, Vegetable, Animal and Mineral. 

Systematic collection of types. 

Tests of tensile strength. 

Illustrations of all fibers at all preliminary stages of manipulation. 

* Certain products of the textile industries will, of necessity, be shown in Depart- 
ment 6, in connection with house fittings and costume. In many instances this 
display will be made by dealers, while manufacturers will arrange their products in 
Department 4. 



696 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

482. Cordage. 

Ropes and twines, and all applications. 

Cordage in general is shown in connection with its manufactures in Class 
405. 

483. Cotton Fabrics. 

Yarns, twines, sewing cotton. 

Tapes and webbings. 

Battings and waddings. 

Plain cloths for printing and converting. 

Print cloths. 

Brown and bleached sheetings or shirtings. 

Drills, twills and sateens. 

Ginghams. 

Cotton flannels. 

Fine and fancy woven fabrics. 

DticIc. ticks, denims and stripes 

Bags and bagging. 

Upholstery goods — tapestries, curtains, chenilles. 

484. Woolen and Worsted Fabrics. 

1. Partly manufactured products. 

Woolen card rolls. 

Woolen yarns, all wool ; union or merino. 

Worsted tops, noils and yarns. 

Shoddy and mungo. 

Wool extracts. 

2. Woolen goods — all wool. 

Woolen cloth. Doeskins, cassimeres, cheviots, indigo flannels and 

broadcloths, for men's wear. 
Overcoatings, cloakings and kerseys, for both men's and women's wear. 
Carriage cloths of all weights. 
Wool dress goods, sackings, tricots, ladies' cloth, broadcloth, and other 

all-wool goods, for women's wear. 
Flannels, blankets, horse blankets, carriage robes. 
Buntings. 
Woven shawls (woolen). 

3. Worsted goods. 

Worsted coatings, serges and suitings, for men's wear. 
Worsted dress goods, cashmeres, serges and other worsted goods, for 
women's wear. 

4. Union or cotton mixed woven goods. 

Unions, tweeds, cheviots, cassimeres, and other goods for men's wear. 

Overcoatings and cloakings. 

Sackings, tricots and dress goods for women's wear. 

Flannels and linseys. 

Blankets, horse blankets. 

5. Goods woven on cotton warps. 

Cassimeres, doeskins, jeans, coatings and suitings for men's wear. 

Overcoatings and cloakings. 

Satinets. 

Worsted-filling dress goods, delaines, cashmeres, serges, mohairs, alpacas, 

and other stuffs for women's wear. 
Wool-filling dress goods and repellents. 
Domett flannels and shirtings. 
Cotton- \varp blankets. 
Linings and Italian cloths, lastings. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. G97 

484. Woolen and Worsted Fabrics — Continued. 

6. Upholstery goods. 

Woolen upholstery goods — tapestry, terry, rep and damask. 
Worsted or mohair upholstery goods — tapestry, plush, terry and rep. 

7. Sundries and small wares. 

Webbing and gorings. 

Bindings, beltings, braids, galloons, fringes and gimps. 

Cords and tassels. 

Suspenders, braces, and all elastic fabrics. 

Dress trimmings, embroideries, etc. 

8. Felt goods. 

Felt cloths. 

Trimming and lining felt. 

Felt skirts and skirting. 

Table and piano covers. 

Felts for ladies' hats. Saddle felts. Druggets. 

Endless belts for printing machines. 

Rubber-shoe linings and other foot wear. 

Hair felting. 

9. Carpets and rugs. 

Ingrains, two-ply and three-ply and art carpets. 
Tapestry and body Brussels. 

Tapestry velvet, Wilton or Wilton velvet, Axminster, moquette. 
Tapestry, Wilton, moquette, ingrain and Smyrna rugs. 
Other woolen rugs. 
Rag carpets. 
10. Wool Hats of every description. 

485. Silk Fabrics. 

Organzine, tram, spun-silk yarn. 

Machine twist and sewing silk. 

Fringe, knitting, embroidery and floss silk. 

Tie silks and scarfs. 

Gimps and trimmings, braids and bindings. 

Ribbons, laces. 

Dress and cloak trimmings. 

Military trimmings. 

Dress goods, figured and plain. 

Tailor's linings. 

Upholstery goods — Tapestries, curtains, velvets, plushes. 

486. Hosiery and Knit Goods ok Cotton, Silk, Wool, ok Mixed Fibers. 

Shirts and drawers, hosiery, mittens and gloves. 
Jersey cloths. 

487. Fabrics of Hemp, Flax, Jute, and other Vegetable Fibers other than 

Cotton. 
Hemp jute and linen yarns. 
Bags and bagging, twines, threads. 
Linen cloths and drills, plain and mixed. 
Cambrics. 
All other fabrics of flax, hemp, jute, ramie, and other vegetable fibers. 

488. Mixed and Special Fabrics, not elsewhere classed. 

Laces of thread and cotton; laces of silk, wool, or mohair, made with the 

needle or loom, and not classified with the fine arts. 
Silver and gold lace. 
Silk and cottonet, plain or figured. 
Embroidery and tambour work. 

Crocheting, etc. Embroidery in gold, silver and silk. 
Embroidery, tapestry and other work done by hand. 



698 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

49a. Paper Manufacture and its Applications. 

490. History and Science of Paper-Making. 

A historical series showing the development of paper as a material. Papers 

of primitive peoples, as "tappa." 
Materials for paper-making. A systematic series, with illustrations of source, 

and examples of simple applications of little-known fibers. 

491. Methods of Paper-Making. (Machinery may also be classed under 408.) 

Appliances and products of the manufacture of paper pulp, rags, wood, 

straw, etc. 
Methods and products of the bleaching of wood fibers. 
Appliances for the manufacture of paper by vat and by machine. 
Apparatus for pressing, glazing, watering, embossing, water-marking and 

ruling paper. Machines for cutting, tearing and stamping paper, etc. 
Appliances for bleaching, coloring and finishing paper and tissues. 
Appliances for printing paper hangings and tissues. 

492. Writing Paper. 

Stationery, envelopes, blank-book paper, bond paper, tracing and linen- 
tissue paper, etc., as industrial products. (See also Classes 815-19.) 

493. Printing and Wrapping Paper. 

Printing paper for books and newspapers. 
Wrapping paper of all grades. 
Cartridge paper. Botanical driers and covers. 
Paper bags. 

494. Cardboard and Pasteboard. Wall Paper. 

Cardboard and cards. Playing cards (as articles of paper manufacture). 

Binder's board and its uses. 

Pasteboard, paper or cardboard boxes. 

Pasteboard for walls, board roofs. 

Tar-board and tar-paper. 

Wall papers of all kinds, from paper-maker's standpoint. 

495. Paper Pulp and its Uses. 

Papier-mache, and articles of all kinds made from it. 
Use of paper in making boats, buckets, etc. 
Paper-felt for car wheels. 

49b. Applications of Animal, Vegetable and Mineral Materials not Elsewhere Classed. 

496. Miscellaneous Hard Tissues of Animal and Vegetable Origin. 

Ivory, of elephant, whale, walrus and alligator. 

Bones of cattle used in the arts, handles, etc. Albatross bones, for pipe- 
stems. 

Horns of mammals, used solid and in laminae*. Horn combs, jewelry, etc. 

Antlers, used for handles, etc. 

Tortoise shell, and applications not elsewhere shown. 

Whalebone, and applications not elsewhere shown. 

Egg shells, as materials. Ostrich and emu eggs. Japanese egg-shell lacquer. 

Quills and spines, for handles, etc., used in embroidery. 

Quills, and their uses for pens, toothpicks, etc. 

Bristles, as used in anatomy, etc. 

Mother-of-pearl, or nacre, of pearl oyster, unio or river mussel, paliotes, for 
handles, inlaying, buttons, etc. 

Corals, precious and white, and their use iu the arts. 

Corals and cameo shell, and other shells, used as material. Other uses of 
shells. 

Fish scales, used in the arts. "Scale jewelry." 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 699 

496. Miscellaneous Hakd Tissues of Animal and Vegetable Origin— Cont'd. 

Vegetable ivory, and its applications. 

Nuts aud nut shells used in arts. 

Berries used in arts. Doom palm nuts, coquilla nuts, uieker nuts, sea 

beans, etc. 
Gourds, calabashes, cocoanut shells, for dippers. Dutch rushes, aloe litter. 

etc. 
Teasels. 
Fancy woods, used as material in small work, and illustrations of their use. 

497. Brushes and Brush-Making. (See also under 37.) 

Brushes of hair and bristles, feathers, baleen, broom and other vegetable 

fiber. 
Materials and methods of manufacture. 

498. Waddings and Stuffings. 

Hair, bristles, feathers and other substances used. 

Hair and wool of mammals. 

Feathers and down of geese, ducks and swans. 

Eider down. 

Sponges, byssus, etc., used for stuffing. 

Leaves and other vegetable products. "Pine tags.'' 

Shavings (excelsior), chips and sawdust, used as stuffing. 

Asbestus, hay, wool, etc. 

Cushions and mattresses, not elsewhere shown. 

499. Fancy and Decorative Manufactured Articles, not elsewhere classed. 

Feathers, plumes, etc., of feathers or mammals' tails. 

Birds stuffed for decoration, or wings used. Fans and screens of feathers. 

Decorative taxidermy. 
Feather garments and robes. Feathers used as fur. 
Hair embroidery. Chains, guards, jewelry. 
Artificial flowers, not shown as articles of costume. 
Embalmed flowers. 
Ladies' ornamental and artificial work in wax, feathers, paper, wool, leather, 

or other material. 
Decorative devices in shells, mosses, dried ferns, sea weeds, animals, birds, 

insects, or any natural production. 
Articles of stone, metal, and wood, not elsewhere classed. 
Other similar objects, not mentioned in detail. 



DEPARTMENT 5.— FOOD AND ITS ACCESSORIES.* 

50. Science of Food and Nutrition. 

Note. — For the arrangement of this division I am indebted to Prof. W. O. At- 
water, Director of the Office of Experiment Stations of the U. 8. Department of 
Agriculture. 

500. The History of Foods. Literature. Folk-lore. 
Geographical distribution of special foods. 

Food constitutes the largest of our agricultural productions, of the living expenses 
of the people, and of our export to Europe. 

The agricultural production of the United States is one-sided. Our food supply 
for man and beast contains an excess of the materials which make fat and serve the 
body for fuel, and is relatively deficient in the nitrogenous compounds which make 

*Nos. 51 to 56 may include adulterations and methods of adulterating. With the 
prepared products, the machinery and methods used in preparation may be shown. 



700 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

blood, muscle, and bone. Tbe farmer loses because bis products do not fit tbe de- 
mands of tbe borne and foreign markets. At tbe same time our national dietary bas 
become one-sided, so that tbougb we live upon a high nutritive plane, our food might 
be better fitted to our needs. 

Wage workers and people of nic erate incomes generally spend and must spend 
more than half their earnings for food. They do not understand either tbe relation 
of tbe nutritive value of food to its cost or its physiological effects. The result is 
great waste in the purchase and use of food, loss of money, and injury to health. 

The agricultural production and exchange of this country and Europe are out of 
balance. European nations do not avail themselves fully of the food supplies of 
which we have too much and they not enough. This is illustrated in their opposi- 
tion to American meats. It is as unfortunate for them as for us. The laboring classes 
in Europe are underfed. To give them the bodily strength and vigor which charac- 
terize our own working people, they need the very nutriment which we produce in 
such large excess. 

The research of later years is showing clearly how the products of our farms may 
be better adapted to tbe demand of home and foreign markets. It is bringing the 
information which the people need to help them to fit their diet to the demand of 
health and purse. It is also showing why foreign nations should, in tbe interest of 
their poorly fed masses, remove the barriers they now oppose to our meats and other 
food products. 

It is eminently fitting that these things be illustrated at the Exposition, which is 
to be for the education of both our own people and those of other countries. 

501. The Chemistry and Physiology of Food and Drink. 

Composition of foods. Constituents of foods, and their uses in nutrition. 
Nutritive values of different food materials. 

502. Dietary Standards and Actual Dietaries. 

Food of people of different occupations, districts, countries, etc. Dieta- 
ries of factory operatives ; mechanics ; of the poor and the well-to-do. 
Prison and workhouse diet. Army and navy rations. 

503. Food and Health. 

Hygienic effects of food and drink. Over-eating and drinking. Unwhole- 
some and improper foods, and diseases due to them. Ptomaines and other 
poisons occurring in foods. Bacteria in foods. Animal parasites. 

504. Adulterations. 

Adulterants used, harmless and injurious. Coloring substances. Adul- 
terated articles. Apparatus used in compounding. 

51. Animal Foods and Products from Them. 

510. History of Animal Foods. 

Statistics and literature. Conditions of animal food. 

511. Meats, and Products Prepared from Them. (See also Class 189.) 

Beef, mutton, pork, etc. (Fresh meats of different kinds and qualities illus- 
trated by models and charts. ) 

Salt meats. Meat preserved by various processes. Dried. Smoked. Hams. 
Sausage. Other prepared meats. Canned meats. Preparations for soups. 
Meat extracts. " Peptones " and kindred preparations from meats. Pro- 
prietary articles. 

512. Poultry, Game and Eggs. 

513. Fish. 

Salt fish, pickled fish, codfish, herrings, etc. Fish preserved in oil — sar- 
dines, pickled tunny fish, etc. Canned fish. Caviar. Products prepared 
from fish. (See also Classes 371-373.) 

514. Shell Fish, etc. 

Crustacea and shell fish — lobsters, shrimps, oysters, preserved oysters, an- 
chovies, etc. Canned oysters, lobsters, etc. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 701 

515. Milk and Dairy Products. 

Condensed milk, butter, cheese of all kinds, kumys. 

516. Gelatine and Kindred Substances. 

52. Vegetable Food Products and Preparations from Them. 

521. Cereals and Products Prepared from Them. 

Wheat, rye, barley, rice, maize, millet, and other cereals in the grain and 
when ground. 

Flours and meals. 

Hulled or decorticated grains. Grits, etc. 

Crushed grains, etc. 

Starch from potatoes, rice, lentils, etc. Tapioca, sago, arrow root, various 
starches, mixed farinaceous products. 

Italian paste, semolino, vermicelli, macaroni. 

Gluten and kindred products. 

Products of the bakery and pastry shop. 

Bread, all kinds, with or without yeast, fancy bread and bread in shapes, 
crackers, compressed bread for traveling military campaigns, etc., sea bis- 
cuit. 

Various kinds of pastry peculiar to each country. 

Ginger bread and dry cakes fit for preservation. 

Domestic and home-made bread, cakes, pastry, etc. 

Alimentary preparations as substitutes for bread, nouilles, pap. 

Other products. 

522. Legumes, Beans, Peas, etc., and Products from Them. 

523. Vegetables and Products. 

Potatoes, sweet potatoes, turnips, beets, carrots, etc. 
Cabbages, cauliflowers, lettuce, etc. 
Melons, pumpkins, etc. Onions, garlic, etc. 

Vegetables preserved and prepared by various processes, pickled, desiccated, 
compounded, canned. 

524. Fruits. 

Apples, pears, peaches, plumbs, cherries, grapes, etc. 

Fruits preserved in sugar. Fruits preserved with sugar, 

Dried fruits, figs, raisins, etc. 

Canned fruits. 

Nuts and nut-like substances. 

Other fruits and preparations from them. 

525. Iceland Moss and Allied Products. 

526. Prepared Foods for Infants and for Invalids. Proprietary Articles. 

527. Peculiar and less usual Vegetable Food Products. 

53. Sugar, Confectionery, Fats, and Oi/s. 

531. Sugars and Allied Products. 

Cane sugars, sirups, molasses, etc. 
Sorghum sugars, sirups, molasses, etc. 
Beet sugars, sirups, etc. 
Maple sugar, sirups, etc. 
Palm sugar. Milk sugar. 
Grape and fruit sugars, natural. 
Glucoses, etc., prepared. 
Honey. 

532. Confections and Confectionery. 



702 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

533. Animal Fats and Oils used for Food. 

Lard. 

Oleomargarine. Artificial butter. 

Cod liver oil. 

Other animal fats and oils. 

534. Vegetable Fats and Oils used for Food 

Olive oil. 

Cotton-seed oil. 

Other vegetable fats and oils, 

54. Food Adjuncts, Condiments, Stimulants. 

541. Salt. 

Table salts and salts used for preserving foods. 

542. Baking Salts and Powders. 

Chemical salts, saleratus, cream of tartar, etc. 
Proprietary articles. Baking powders. 

543. Spices, Mustard, etc. 

Allspice, pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, etc. 

Mustards, curries, compound sauces. Proprietary articles. 

544. Flavors and Flavoring Extracts. 

Natural flavors and essences. Vanilla, lemon, orange, etc. 
Artificial flavoring matters. 

545. Aromatic Herbs. 

546. Vinegars. 

55. Beverages and Materials used for Them. 

550. History and Folk-lore of Beverages. 

551. Carbonated Waters, Soda Water, Ginger Ale, Mineral Waters. 

552. Tea, Coffee, and other Materials containing Alkaloids, and used for 

Infusions. 
Teas, coffees, coffee substitutes, chicory, etc. 
Cocoa. Chocolate, etc. 
Proprietary articles. 

553. Malt Beverages. 

Beers. 

Ales. 

Brewers' supplies. 

554. Wines and Ciders. 

Wines of all kinds. 

Cider, perry, etc. 

Coloring materials and flavoring extracts. 

555. Distilled Liquors. 

Rums, whiskies, brandies, gins, absinthes, etc. 
5">(i. Peculiar and less usual Alcoholic Liquors. 

Pulque, palm wine, etc. 
557 Adulterants and Adulterating Products. 

Flavoring materials, colors, and other substances used in changing charac- 
ter of liquors. 
558. Appliances Connected with the usk of Beverages. 

Drinking glasses and cups, etc. 

Samovars, tea and coffee pots, etc. 

Decanters, bottles, etc 

56. Tobacco. 

560. History and Folk-lore, Literature, etc. 

561. Cut Tobacco. 

562. Plug Tobacco, 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLDS FAIR. 703 

563. Cigars. 

564. Cigarettes. 

565. Snuffs. 

566. Pipes op all Nations. 

567. Accessories of Cigars and Cigarettes. 

568. Accessories of all other Kinds. 

569. Factories of all Kinds for Manufacture of Articles Shown in this 

Division. 

57. Peculiar and Less Common Foods and Food Products. 

571. Foods of the People of India as Regulated by Caste and Traditions. 

Other Nations. 

572. Foods used by American Indians. 

573. Foods used by Primitive Peoples elsewhere. 

574. Materials not Useful for Nutriment, but used by Less Intelligent 

People. 
Clay used by clay-eaters, etc. 

58. Cooking Utensils, Products, Cooking Schools. 

Chemistry and physiology of cooking. 

580. History of Cooking. 

Literature. Folk-lore. 

581. Domestic Cooking. 

Utensils. Stoves, kitchen and pantry conveniences, in use or otherwise. 
Products. 

582. Cooking in Public Institutions. Utensils. Methods. Products. 

583. Cooking Schools. 

The cooking-school movement in the United States and elsewhere. 
Cooking as taught in public schools and by private enterprise. 

59. Preparation, Conservation and Transportation of Food. Food Supply of the United 

States and Europe. 

590. Apparatus and Processes for Storing, Conveying and Distributing 

Foods. 

591. Refrigeration, Icing. 

592. Drying and Desiccating. 

Drying without salt. Jerking. Desiccating. Drying with salt. Dry salt- 
ing. 

593. Pickling and Conserving (with Antiseptics, Salt, Vinegar <>k Sugar). 

(a) In salt, brine, pickling. 

(b) In vinegar, pickling. 

(c) In sugar, conserving. 

594. Canning. 

595. Preparation of Food Materials, Extracts, ktc. 

Machinery and appliances for the preparation of articles under Class |<»7. 

596. Transportation and Distribution of Food. 

597. The Present and Prospective Food Supply of the United States and 

OTHER PARTS OF THE Woltl.D. 

Exportation and importation. Shown by statistical charts, diagrams, etc, 



704 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 



DEPARTMENT 6.— THE HOUSE AND ITS ACCESSORIES— COSTUME 

AND PERSONAL EQUIPMENT. 

60. Cities, Towns, and Villages. 

Historical matter, plans, views, etc. 

61. Domestic and Economic Architecture, Domestic Appliances. 

611. The Dwelling House. 

Models and designs for, and specimens of, buildings. 

612. Manufactured Parts of Buildings. 

Sash, blinds, etc. 

Fittings and accessories for dwelling bouses. 

613. Materials for House Construction. 

Materials for roofs, walls, damp courses, solid floors, damp proof, wall cov- 
erings, cements, etc. 

614. Literature of Domestic Architecture. 

Models, pictures, diagrams, etc. 

615. Laboring Man's House. — City and Country. 

616. The Village House. 

As above. 

617. The Suburban Cottage and Villa. 

As above. 

618. The City House. 

Drawings and models of dwellings characterized by cheapness, comfort, 
health. Cheap, moderate, expensive. 

619. The Flat and the Tenement House. 

62. Interior Architectural Fixtures and Decoration. 

620. Principles of Interior Decoration and Arrangement and Sanitation. 

Plans and Literature. 

621. Floor Covering. 

Carpets of all kinds. Rugs. Druggets. Matting. 
Oil-cloths and linoleum. 

622. Wall Covering and Decoration. 

Printed papers. Paper with velvety surface, marbled, veined, etc. Artistic 
papers. Enameled and varnished papers. Imitations of wood and leather. 
Painted and printed shades. 

Frescoing. Mastieking. Papering, plastering, panneling, cornices, brack- 
ets, picture frames. ''Carton-Pierre/' "Lincrusta/' etc. 

Covered and decorated walls. Drawings. 
62:i. Window and Door Arrangements. 

Curtains, screens, movable screens. 

Fixtures. Cornices and brackets. 

624. Skats and Chairs. Sofas, Divans, ktc. 

625. Tables, Floor Screens, ETC. 

626. Closets, etc. 

Cupboards, wardrobes, sideboards, bookcases. 

627. Mantelpieces, etc. 

628. Fabrics USED IN FURNISHING. 

Such ;is cotton, wool, or silk, plain and figured. Fabrics of horsehair, 
vegetable, leathers, moleskin, etc. Leathers used for hangings and fur- 
niture. Oil-cloths and linoleums. 
621). Implements of Domestic INDUSTRY, NOT elsewhere placed. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 705 

63. Furniture of the Dwelling House. 

631. The Kitchen, Pantry, and Larder. 

Stoves and ranges for cooking - . (See also Class 651.) 

Cookery utensils of all kinds. 

Tinware. 

632. Tin: Laundry. 

Appliances for washing. Washing machines, clothes wringers, mangles, 

clothes bars, and other drying devices. (See also Class 406.) 
Ironing tables. Irons, crimping and goffering machines. 

633. The Dining Room. 

Tables, chairs, sideboards, buffets. 

Table furniture. Glass, china, metal. Tureens, dishes, epergnes, tea and 
coffee urns and kettles. Decanters, wine coolers, castors. Knives, forks, 
spoons, chopsticks, etc. Nut crackers Toothpicks. Drinking vessels. 

634. The Sleeping Room. 

Bedsteads, bed fittings, mattresses, bed covering, folding and adjustable 

beds. 
Wardrobes. 
The dressing and toilet table. Toilet mirrors. 

635. The Nursery. 

Cradles, cribs. 
Baths and toilet fixtures. 
Perambulators, etc. Baby carriages. 
Nursery toys. 

636. The Library. 

Bookcases, desks, tables, chairs, cases. 

637. Hall, Porch, and Lawn. 

Hat and coat racks, cane and umbrella racks. 

Chairs, benches, rustic furniture. 

Hammocks. 

Lawn seats, tents, etc. 

638. Reception Room. 

Chairs, tables, and all fine furniture. 

64. Furniture and Fixtures for Public Buildings. 

641. Offices and Counting Rooms. Hanks. 

Desks, safes, file cases, etc. 

642. Shops and Storks. 

Counters. Show cases. Shelf appliances. 

Fittings for special establishments, as grocers, butchers, druggists, tobacco- 
nists, confectioners, hatters, hardware, books and stationery. News 
stands. 

Devices for display of goods. 

Lay figures. 

643. Hotels and Restaurants. 

Special furniture. 
Furniture of ordinary types. 
Annunciators. 

644. Public Halls, Theaters, etc. 

645. Churches. 

646. Schools. 

647. Railway and Railway Stations. 

648. Vessels and Steamers. 

649. Other Special Types <>k Furniture, not klse where classed. 

SM 91, PT 2 4o 



706 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

65 Heating, Lighting, Ventilation and Water Supply. 

651. Stoves, etc. 

Fireplaces, grates and stoves for domestic use. Apparatus for heating and 

warming, by hot air, gas, hot water, steam. (See also Class 631.) 
Smoke abatement, etc. 
Apparatus for the use of mineral oil for domestic and industrial purposes. 

652. Ventilating Apparatus. 

Ventilators, air inlets and outlets, cowls. Air straining and cleansing. 

653. Lighting Apparatus. (Shown also in Class 426.) 

a. Electrical apparatus for illumination and domestic use, secondary bat- 
teries, electroliers, etc. 

b. Apparatus for lighting by gas, gas-producers, gas meters, gas fittings, 
chandeliers, etc. 

c. Oil and other lamps; mineral oil, vegetable and animal oils. 

d. Candles and candle-holders. 

e. Accessories of lighting, matches, safety matches. 

654. Fire Prevention Apparatus. 

Extinguishers, portable engines, domestic fire escapes, etc. 

655. Water Supply. 

Water supply and purification. Meters, water fittings, cisterns, etc. 

656. House Drainage. 

Drains, construction and ventilation. Sewer, disconnection; sinks, traps, 

gulleys; the disposal and utilization of house refuse. 
Disinfectants for domestic use. 

657. Closets. 

Water and earth closets, ash closets, hot-air closets, commodes, latrines, 
disinfecting powders and fluids, insect-destroyers. 

658. Baths, etc. 

Bathing requisites of all kinds. Shower baths. Public and private wash 
houses; washing apparatus, etc. 

659. Housewifery. 

Sweepers, washers, dusters, polishers, detergents. 

66. Costumes and Parts of Costumes. 

660. The History of Costumes, etc. 

Retrospective collections. Costumes of all lands and times. Costumed fig- 
ures. Costumes as shown by portraits and other pictures. Fashion plates. 

Literature of dress. 

Curiosities, etc., of dress and bodily adornment. Tattoo patterns and proc- 
esses. Mutilation and deformation. 

Physiological effects of abuses of dress. 

661. Female Costume in 1892->93. 

Complete costumes and separate outer garment. Fashion plates of the day. 

662. Accessories ok Female Dress, isj>2-'93. 

Head covering. Bonnets and millinery. 

Gloves, etc. 

Foot covering. 

Linen and made-up articles of all kinds. 

Shawls, etc. 

663. Male Costume ix 1«S92-'J)3. 

Complete cost nines and separate outer garments. 
Fashion plates of the day. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 707 

664. Accessories of Male Dress, 1892-'93. 

Hats of all models. 

Boots, shoes, etc. 

Gloves, mittens, etc. 

Underwear and made-up articles of every description. 

Haberdashers' goods in general. 

Ready-made clothing in general. 

665. Specimen Fabrics of all kinds for Material for Dress, not shown in 

connection with its manufacture. 

666. Artistic and Decorative Tissues for use in Dress. 

Laces. 
Embroidered tissues. 

667. Furs, etc., in Connection with Costume. 

668. Feathers and other Decorative Materials. 

669. Costumes for Special Purposes. 

Stage costumes. 

Dress of various trades and handicrafts. 

Athletic and recreative costumes. (See also Class 892.) 

Masquerade and fancy dress. 

67. Jewelry and Trinkets. 

670. History and Folk-lore of Jewelry. 

671. Ornament Pins, Brooches, Clasps, Buttons and Studs. 

672. Finger Rings. 

673. Ear-rings, Nose-rings, and Labrets. 

674. Chains and Ornaments connected with Time-keepers. 

Chatelaines, pendants, seals, keys and amulets. 

675. Ornaments connected with Coiffure. 

Tiaras, pins, combs. 

676. Appendages to Garments. 

Buckles. 

677. Trinkets of all Kinds. 

Decorated objects. 

678. Precious Stones in Mounting. 

Manner of setting and cutting. Imitations. Jewelry of jet. Amber, pearl, 
mother-of-pearl, coral, steel, ivory, feather and hair work jewelry. Plated 
and imitation jewelry. 

679. Snuff-boxes. Cases. 

68. The Toilet and its Appliances. 

680. History and Folk-lore of the Toilet. 

Retrospective collections. Literature. 

681. Dressing Cases. 

Mirrors, brushes, combs, hair-dressing utensils. 
682 

Work-boxes, glove cases, fancy notebooks, jewelry boxes, caskets and 

scent bottles. Vinaigrettes, etc. 

683. Cosmetics and Perfumery. 

Pomatums and bandolines. Almond paste, enamels, whitening powders, and 
rouges. Toilet masks. Actors' make-up articles. Perfumed oils, essences, 
extracts, and scent water, powders, pastiles, and scent hags. Aromatic 
vinegars, perfumes for burning, toilet soaps, anointing oils. 

684. Apparatus and Applications for Beautifying the Hands. 

Manicure outfits. 

685. Apparatus for Dressing the Haul 

686. Apparatus for Shaving and Trimming the Beard. 



708 KEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

69. Accessories of Costume and Persona/ Equipment. 

690. General Accessories. 

Brooches, buckles, pins, buttons, books and eyes, flowers and their holders. 
Artificial flowers. 

691. Masks, Fans, etc. 

692. Canes, Umbrellas, etc. 

Canes, umbrellas, parasols, hand screens. 

693. Bags, Trunks, etc. 

Bags, trunks, baskets, valises, saddlebags, pocketbooks, and other recep- 
tacles. 

694. Small Goods and Fancy Articles. 

Eyeglasses, lorgnettes, etc. 

Cigarette cases, cigar pipes, and pipe cases. Cigar and cigarette holders 

and cases. Snuff' boxes. 
Miscellaneous fancy articles and small goods in leather, wood, metal, glass. 

ivory, shell, lacquer, basketry. 

695. Pocket Cutlery and Weapons for Personal Use and Protection. 

696. Traveling Rugs and Cushions. 

697. Waterproof Garments. 

698. Miscellaneous Personal Accessories of Traveling. 

699. Camp Equipage. 

Tents, etc. (See also Class 849.) 



DEPARTMENT 7.— THE DECORATIVE, PLASTIC, AND PICTORIAL 

ARTS. 

71. The Decorative Arts. 

710. History and Methods of Decorative Art. 

Architectural exteriors and interiors. Decorative arrangement. Frames, 
pedestals and other accessories for uses of art. 

711. Artistic Pottery. 

Porcelains, tiles, etc. 

Mosaics, tesselated, sectile, fictile, vermiculated, and groove. Venetian, 
Alexandrine, Florentine, Roman, and Indian. 

712. Artistic Glass. 

Engraved, painted, chased, etched, iridescent. 

713. Ecclesiastical and other Architectural Glass. 

714. Enamels. 

Incrusted, cloisonne, ehampleve, translucent, in relief. Painted enamels, 
Niello enamels. Incrustations of all kinds and inlaid enamels. 

715. Tapestries, Embroideries, and Needlework. 

Products of the Jacquard loom. 

716. Metal Work. 

Cast, forged, repousse* work. 

Art bronzes and castings. Ormolu. 

Gold and silversmiths' art. Filigrees. Galvanoplastic reproductions. 

( 'listings with metallic coating. 
(Jems and precious stones in metal work. 

717. Carvings. 

Carviilgs in stone (jade, agate, rock crystal), wood, ivory, and other hard 
materials. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 709 

7is. Wall Decorations. 

Marquetry in fresco, distemper, polychromy, and by other methods. 
719. Composite Products of Decoration, 



72. Architecture. 

720. History of Architecture. 

Schools of architecture. 

721. Architectural Designs for Buildings. 

722. Methods of Structure. 

(See Engineering.) 

723. Architecturax Masterpieces. 

Representations or plans of existing buildings. 
Restorations from ruins or documents. 

724. Interior Plans and Representations. 

Apartments and details. 

725. Monuments and Mausoleums. 

726. Plans of Fountains and Structures not Edifices. 

727. Studies and Fragments. 

728. Landscape Architecture. 

Parks and grounds. 



73. Sculpture. 

730. History of Sculpture. 

731. Statuary in Stone. 

732. Statuary in Bronze and other Metals. 

733. Bas-reliefs. 

734. Carved Seals, Dies, and Gems. 

735. Medals, Die-ENGRAVING, etc. 

736. Models and Casts. 



74. Drawing. 

740. Metal-Point Drawings. 

Silver point, etc. 
711. Lead Pencil Drawings. 

742. Crayon Drawings. 

Black chalk. 

Sanguine, etc. 

Colored crayons or pastel. 

743. CHAR< '< >AL1 >RA \Y INGS. 

744. Pen-and-Ink and Brush-Point Drawings. 

745. Washed Drawings. 

India ink. 

Sepia. 

Other monochromes. 

746. Cartoons and Studies for Future Work". 
747 Drawing for Process Work. (See 806.) 

748. Mathematical and Mai* DRAWING. 

749. Miscellaneous. 

Poker (burnt wood) pictures and other "spoils.'" 



710 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

75. Painting in Water Colors, etc. 

750. Water-color Painting. 

751. Miniatures. 

752. Paintings on Pottery, Porcelain and Enamel, and on Musical Instru- 

ments, Furniture. 

753. Painting on Glass. 

754. Painting on Textiles, Paper-mache, etc. 

755. Painting on Ivory, Talc, etc. 

756. Cartoons for Frescoes and Stained Glass. 

76. Painting in Oil, 

760. History of Painting. 

Art museums. Portraits of artists. Schools of painting, etc. (Literature, 
prints, etc.) 

761. Ancient Paintings and Pictorial Designs. 

762. Italian Schools. 

763. French Schools. 

764. German and Austrian Schools. 

765. Dutch and Flemish Schools. 

766. English Schools. 

767. Scandinavian, Russian, and Minor European Schools. 

768. American Schools. 

77. The Reproductive or Multiplying Processes not involving Photography. 

770. Relief-engraving. 

Wood-cutting. 
Wood-engraving. 
Relief-engraving on metal. 
Machine-ruling applied to relief-engraving. 

771. Intaglio-engravinc. 

Line-engraving. 

Etching. 

Soft-gi'ound etching. 

The sand manner. 

Dry point. 

Mezzotint. 

Roulette work. 

Aquatint. 

Punching. (Opus mallei.) 

Imitation of crayon. 

Stipple. 

Machine-ruling applied to intaglio-engraving. 

Mixed methods. 

772. Planography. (Lithography, Zincography.) 

Crayon. 

Pen-and-ink and brush work. 

Engraving. 

Etching. 

Spattering. 

Stamping, washing, scraping, etc. 

Machine-ruling applied to planography. 

Autography. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WOKLl/s FAIR. 711 

773. Substitute Processes, i. e., Processes Partly Chemical, Partly Mechan- 

ical, Devised as Substitutes for the Older Hand Processes. 
Relief-etching. 
Clay-surface j>rocesses. 
Grapkotype. 
Wax processes. 

Methods involving* the use of soft blocks. 
Stenochroray. 
Galvanography. 

Processes involving the use of mercury. 
Processes involving the use of gelatine surfaces. 
Engraving by machinery. Relief. 
Engraving by machinery. Intaglio (medal-ruling). 
Nature-printing. 
The Anastatic process. 

774. Color-printing. 

From relief blocks. 

From intaglio plates. 

From planographic surfaces. 

78. Photography. 

780. History and Principles of Photography. 

The Daguerreotype. 

781. Apparatus and Accessories. 

Cameras of all kinds. 
Flash apparatus, etc. 

782. Materials, Films, Negatives, Positives. 

The studio and its accessories. 

Silver prints, platinotypes, carbon prints, etc 

783. Portrait Work. Compositions. 

784. Landscape and Architectural Work. 

785. Application of Photography to the Arts and Sciences. 

Prints on wood, stuffs, enamels, etc. (For photo-mechanical processes of 
engraving, see Division 79.) 

786. Photochromy. 

787. The Stereoscope. The Stereopticon. 

788. Enlargements (Solar and Electric) and .Retouched Photographs, Etc., 

in Crayon, Water Color, by Air Brush, etc. 

789. Amateur Photography and its Results. 

79. Photomechanical Processes. 

790. Processes Producing Reliee Blocks (Line-Work, Half-Tone). 

791. Processes Producing Intaglio Plates (Line-Work, Half-Tom). 

792. Processes Producing Planographic Printing Surfaces, i. <., Photo- 

lithography and Photo-zincography (Line- Work. Half-Tone). 

793. collographic processes. 

794. woodburytype. 

795. The Photo-mechanical Processes Applied to Color-printing 

From relief blocks. 
From iutaglio plates. 
From planographic surfaces. 
From collographic films. 
From Woodburytype molds. 

796. Drawing eor Process Work, including Aids Devised for this Kind of 

Drawing. (See 717.) 



712 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

DEPARTMENT 8 — SOCIAL RELATIONS AND PUBLIC WELFARE. 

80. Folk-lore. 

Note. — For the arrangement of this Division I am indebted to Prof. Otis T. 
Mason, whose judicious advice has also been of the greatest service in connection 
with the general plan. 

800. Folk-lore in General.* 

Treatises upon the whole subject, encyclopedias, dictionaries. Systems of 
nomenclature. 

Societies, their scope, organization and methods. Their publications, peri- 
odicals. 

Libraries of books devoted to this subject. 

Museums or collections of folk apparatus. 

801. Folk -Tales. 

Sagas, hero tales, place legends, and all folk-philosophy or belief embodied 
in stories or in verse. In short, the method of accounting for natural 
and historical phenomena. 

Books, toys and other illustrations. 

802. Folk- Wisdom. 

Weather-lore, predictions, signs, omens. Whatever the folk pretend to 

know about the future of natural phenomena. 
Books and other illustrations. 

803. Folk-Saws. 

Proverbs, riddles. The gathered wisdom of the folk 
Rule of thumb, etc. 
Illustrations and literature. 

804. P^olk-Craft. 

Medicine, leechcraft, magic, hoo-doo prescriptions, whatever ignorant peo- 
ple do to heal the sick. 

Amulets and talismans. 

Pocket pieces, such as the os mirabilis of the raccoon, the horse-chestnut, the 
hare's foot, the nicker nut, etc. 

805. Folk-Law (Practice, Trial, Justice, etc.). 

All things and practices of the folk for administering justice. 
Lynch law, etc. 
800. Nurskry Rhymes. 

Lore of and for children. Child-lore has two meanings: 1. What the folk 

believe and practice about children. 2. Counting-out rhymes and other 

lore of the children themselves. 
Books, toys, pictures, etc. 

807. Folk-Religion. 

What the folk believe and practice respecting bhe spirit world. Their 
simple creeds and quaint worship. 

808. Festivals. 

Public gatherings of all kinds for merry-making or celebrations. 



" Folk-lore is the beliefs and practices of the folk. By folk we mean all peoples 
that are uncivilized, all unlettered people among the civilized, and even the most 
enlightened persons when they are controlled by tin- beliefs of the unlettered or fall 
into their practices. 

It will be readily seen that the materials of this science are embodied in what is 
said, called folk-moot; and what is done, called folk-life or custom. In each divi- 
sion of the subject will appear both kinds of material. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 713 

809. Ceremonies. 

Christenings, etc. 

Weddings — Ceremonies and oilier accessories. 

Funerals — Accessories of all kinds. 

Other ceremonies. 

81. Communication and Record of Ideas. (Language, Writing and Printing. Books not 

shown as literature.) 

810. Primitive Language. 

Sign language. Pictographs. 

811. Languages of all Nations. 

Alphabets, ete. 

Examples in manuscript and printed. 

Dictionaries and grammars. 

Geographical distribution of languages, shown by charts, etc. 

Linguistic systems. 

Jargons and dialects. " World languages." Yolapuk, etc. 

812. Artificial Language, 

Cryptograms and cipher systems. 

Telegraphic and commercial codes. Code boohs, etc. 
Semaphores, military and railway systems. 
Stenography in all its aspects. 

813. Messenger Service. 

Animals and birds. Carrier pigeons. 

Mail and mail express systems, not governmental. History of mails. 

Pneumatic messenger service. The " Ruhr post." 

813. Telegraphs and Telephone, etc. 

The electric telegraph. History and accessories. Operatives and organiza- 
tion of service. Geographical distribution, etc.. shown by maps. Statis- 
tics and literature. 

(For instruments, etc., see 42.) 

Telephone. Aerophone. 

The photophone. 

The graphophone and the phonograph. 

Annunciators. " Tickers." 

814. Writing Machines. 

The typewriter in all its forms. 

The typewriter applied to type-setting. The linotype, etc. (See also 408.) 

815. Writing Implements and Methods. 

Tools and methods Historical — inscribed stones, notches on trees and 
sticks, primitive tallies. Tablets of stone, wood, metal (bronze), clay, 
wax. Palm leaves, bark, papyrus, shins, leather, parchment, paper. 
Parchment writings. Old manuscripts. Specimens of calligraphy of all 
nations. Systems of penmanship. 

Stylus pencils of all kinds, for writing or drawing. 

Pens and accessories. 

Reservoir pens. 

Inks and colors. Inkstands, ete. Erasers and all the appliances accessory 
to writing. 

Duplicating apparatus, stamps and pads. Stencils. Hectographs, ete. 
Electric pen. Manifolding. Presses mid copy hooks. 

816. The Art or Printing. 

Type and its history. (See also 108. ) 
Type-setting and proof-reading. 
Make-up. Sizes of hooks. 



714 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

816. The Art <>k Printing — Continued. 

Imposing and press wort. 

Examples of the art of printing in all countries and at all times. 

Incunabula. Curiosities of printing. 

Results of the various methods of illustration of books in black and colors. 

817. The Art of Bookbinding. 

Historical series. Examples of the finest work. Curiosities of binding. 

Binders' materials and examples of the work in each. Vellum, leathers of 
all kinds, woven fabrics, papers, woods, metals. 

Blank-books of all kinds, and blank-book paper, diaries, note and memo- 
randum books. Journals and record books. Books for office and count- 
ing house. Albums and scrapbooks. 

Portfolios and cases, pads and other forms. 

All products of printers' and binders' work for use in writing, for economy of 
writing, and for use on the desk or writing table. 

818. Stationery in General. (See also 490-493.) 

Paper of all kinds in form for writing or printing. Embossed and deco- 
rated note paper. Designs and methods. 

Ruled paper. Specimens of ruling. 

Receptacles for paper, envelopes, etc. 

Blotting paper and pounces of all kinds. 

Paper weights, files, cutters. 

Clips, fasteners, binders, etc. 

Wafers, glues, and all similar appliances, with their receptacles and acces- 
sories. 

Sealing wax, signets and seals, and all accessories. 

Scales, etc. 

Blanks and bill-heads. 

819. Filing and Indexing. 

Appliances of all kinds for the permanent preservation and convenient use 
of letters, memoranda, cuttings, manuscript, and printed matter of all 
kinds. 

82. Engineering and Constructive Architecture." (Illustrated by Models and Drawings.) 

820. Historical and Retrospective Exhibit. 

Illustrating methods of ancient engineer architects — Chaldean, Egyptian, 
Babylono-Assyrian, Greek, Etruscan, Roman, Byzantine, Arabic. 
xiM. Surveying and Topographical Engineering. 

Surveys and division of the public domain. 

State boundaries, monuments, boundary stones, and methods of marking ter- 
ritorial divisions. 

Location, surveys ami plots of cities and (owns, parks, streets and sub- 
urban extension. 

Routes of interna] communication. 

Plans for turnpikes and highways, and devices for construction and main* 
it nance of roads, si reels and subways, sewers, underground water pipes, 
gas mains, conduits, cables. 

S\ stems of dm inage. 
822. IIydrai lic and Marine Engineering. (Marine Architecture shipbuilding, 
etc., sec 336. ) 

Plane showing methode <>r reclaiming Land, arresting and controlling the 
llow of water -dikes, weirs, dams and water gates, aqueducts, reservoirs, 
water- works I water supply, see 261 ; canal system, see 315), canals, locks, 
slack water navigation, removal of marine railw ays. slips, and hydraulic 

dock S. 



\ 1 1 in", iiirni l)\ Mr. J. El ii 'i li w «t I in 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD^ FAIR. 715 

822. Hydraulic and Marine Engineering — Continued. 

Obstructions in rivers and harbors. 

River, harbor and coast surveys. (Seaports and harbors, sec 31.) 
Plans of submarine structures — foundations for piers, light-houses, docks 
and breakwaters. (Light-houses, see also 306; harbor protection, etc., 
317, 318; for tools and machinery for hydraulic work, see 402.) 

823. Bridge Engineering. (Illustrated by drawings and models.) 

Bridge designing. Drawings and charts showing methods of calculating 

stresses. 
Foundations, piers, abutments, and approaches of stone, wood, etc. 
Arch bridges of stone, wood or iron. 
Suspension bridges of fiber, irou, chain and cable. 
Truss bridges of wood, iron and steel — pony, bowstring, and plate girders, 

lattice girders, Fink, Bollinan, Howe, Pratt, Warren, Post, Long, Whipple, 

and other trusses of special design. 
Cantilever bridges. Draw-bridges. Rolling and swinging machinery. 
Tubular bridges. 

Railway, aqueduct, and other bridges of special design, not elsewhere classed. 
(A chart showing date of completion, span, rise, weight and cost of the 

great bridges of the world would be of interest. ) 

824. Tunnels. (For mine engineering, see 210-219.) 

Profile and sectional plans of tunnels, shafts and approaches. 

Air shafts and special devices for lighting and ventilation. 

Shields, cases and protection of tunnel walls against water and landslides. 

(For building stones, see 242-246). 

(For tools and machinery for blasting and drilling, see 222; blasting ami 

explosives, see 226.) 
Charts of the St. Gothard Railway and other great tunnels might !>•■ shown. 

825. Mechanical Engineering. 

The designing of locomotives, engines, and machines. 

Plans of machine shops, and systems of machinery for manufactories and 

metallurgical establishments. 
Machine; for moving and handling heavy weights — cranes, etc 
(See also Classes 401-419). 

826. Railroad Engineering. 

Location of railways — topographical maps showing preliminary surveys, 
profiles of cuts and fills, estimates of excavation and embankment, methods 
of determining curves and grades, locations of bridges and tunnels. 

Plans of terminals with reference to water courses or other railways. 

(For Permanent Way, Stations and Rolling Stock, see 11. ) 

827. Military Engineering. 

Plans of fortifications and other military works. 

Methods for the rapid construction of roads, railway bridges, telegraph lines, 

etc., in time of war. 
Pontoons and other temporary bridges and structures of timber, etc. 
Plans of portable hospitals and other buildings. 
Field telegraphs, methods of transporting and erecting telegraph lines, 

captive balloon telegraph. 
Field signal train. 
(For War, see 886, A). 

828. The Designing of Buildings and Materials op Construction. 

Plans of public buildings for special purposes. Large and small dwelling- 
houses. 

Drawings and specifications for foundations, walls, partitions, lloors, roofs 
and stairways. 



71 fi REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

828. The Designing of Buildings and Materials of Construction — Continued, 

Estimates of amount and cost of material. 

Designs and models of special contrivances for safety, comfort and conven- 
ience in the manipulation of elevators, doors, windows, etc. 

(For Heating and Lighting Systems, see 65, ) 

(For Drainage and Sanitary Plumbing, see 650 and 873.) 

Working plans for the mason, carpenter and painter — designs and models of 
bonds, arches, coping, vaulting, etc; plastering and construction of par- 
titions ; painting and glazing. 

Plans of appliances for hoisting, handling and delivering. 

Building materials to artisans — scaffolding and ladders. Special scaffolding 
for handling great weights. Portable cranes and power elevators. 

Illustrations of the strength o f materials. 

Plans and sections of special architectural forms — metallic floor beams and 
girders. Hollow bricks and other architectural pottery for heating and 
ventilation. Metallic cornice and conduits. Shingles and sheathing. 
Glass roofs, floors, and accessories. Architectural hardware. 

Methods of combining materials. 

Protection of foundations, areas and walls against water. 

Working plans for paving and draining. 

(For Timber, see 176; for Building Stones, see 242-246; Masonry, see 248; 
Brick, Plain and Ornamental, see Division 44; Iron and Metals, see 276.) 

(Cements and Mortars, see No. 281; Artificial Stone, see Class 282.) 

829. Instruments of Precision for the Engineer and Architect. 

Instruments of the draftsman. 

Field instruments for measuring angles and leveling — compasses, theodolites, 

transits, rods and flags, levels, leveling by barometer. 
Instruments for measuring lengths — rules, rods, chains, and tapes. Methods 

of adjusting instruments for temperature. 
Instruments designed for rapid work for calculating cross-sections, etc. 
Plumb lines for great depths, and appliances. 
Testing machines and other instruments, not elsewhere classed. 
829r<. Engineering Societies and Associations. 

83. Property, Trade, Commerce and Intercommunication. 

830. History of Commerce and Intercommunication. 

Early routes of traffic and commerce. Commercial centers in past ages, 

shown by maps, etc. 
Statistics and literature. 

831. Methods and Media of Exchange. Stores and Shops. 

Money — coinage and its equivalents. A collection to show the actual media 
of exchange in America in each period of a quarter of a century from the 
first settlement to the time of the confederation, and in each Presidential 
term since. 

Similar collections of money for other countries and periods (not to be con- 
founded with a numismatic collection which includes coins only) with 
hank notes and other paper circulating mediums. 

Special collections of tokens, "shin-plasters," "wild-cat money," etc. illus- 
trating the financial history of the country. Confederate hills. Conti- 
nental bills. Postage-stamp money. 

Commercial paper — hills of exchange, securities. 

Methods of barter. 

Weights and measures as used in commerce. Scales, balances, solid and 
liquid measure as sold to merchants, 



DRAFT OP A CLASSIFICATION FOE THE WOKLD's FA IK. 717 

331. Methods and .Media of Exchange — Continued. 

Methods of conveyancing. Deeds and titles. Bills and receipts. Examples 
of papers and systems and everything pertaining to record of commercial 
transact inns between two parties. 

Precautions against counterfeits and misappropriation of funds, bell- 
punches, cash and check registers. 

Counting-houses, stores, and shops. Organization. Methods of bookkeep- 
ing. Plans and drawings of exteriors and interiors. Ground plans, show- 
ing systems of arrangement. Counters. 

Mechanical devices for distributing change. 

Furniture and fittings. 

Methods of distributing goods to purchasers. Devices used fur wrapping 
and tying. Baskets and boxes. 

Pictures of representative houses in America and abroad. 

(For Advertising Systems. See 838). 

Auctions and auction houses. 

Auction catalogues. 

Pictures of representative establishments. 

Boards of trade. Merchants' produce, and stock exchanges. 

Market houses and their accessories. Bazaars. Arcades. 

832. Export and Import. Interstate Commerce. 

History of traffic. Early routes. Commercial routes. 

Routes of transportation and traffic. 

Land transportation, with reference to transporting commercial wares. 

Warehouses and their arrangement — plans and pictures. 

Cars and other vehicles, as arranged for special traffic. 

Devices for loading and unloading. 

"Water transportation, with reference to commerce. (Heads as under Laud 

Transportation.) 
Express and delivery companies. 
The handling and delivery of goods I Manntention. ) 
Methods of record, etc. Custom-house methods. 
Bills of lading, etc. 
Duties. Bonded warehouses 

833 . Mark ets . C e x ters of Suppl v a x i > D i . maxd. 

Maps, statistics and literature, showing the lines of distribution from the 
principal producing centers of the world to the countries which depend 
upon them for supply. 

Similar exhibits, showing the lines of supply lor the print tpal centers of con- 
sumption of mercantile wares. 

Similar exhibits, showing lines of distribution for each of the principal arti- 
cles of commerce. 

Special market exhibits, showing the kind of ware- especially acceptable to 
purchasers iu non-producing countries. Especially textile-, tool- and 
food-products. ) 

Special collections showing the nature of articles exported or imported in 
large quantities from little-known countries. 

Pictures of great market centers or other matters of interest in connection 
with the subject. 

834. Pricks. 

The history of prices as -how u by ancienl bills, etc. Ledgers, literature and 

statistical tables. 
Curves showing fluctuations in prices and their can 
Curves showing fluctuations of prices of real estate in America to town, in 

connection with increase of population and trade. 



718 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

834. Prices — Continued. 

Descriptive catalogues and price-lists — historical and of the present time. 

Trade journals — current numbers and hies of hack volumes. 

Wages iu different parts of America and of the world. Wages of dif- 
ferent occupations, past and present, shown by curve diagrams, literature 
and statistical tables. (Treatment same as for prices.) 

Cost of living in different places as shown by comparison of prices of com- 
modities and of labor. 

835. Capital and its Investment. 

Loans and their management. The broker's trade and its methods. 

The pawnbroker's business. Curiosities of same. 

Mortgages and securities. Mortgage investment companies. 

Building and loan associations. 

Stocks and stock brokerage. Methods and appliances. Stock exchanges. 

Pictures and plans. History of American stocks, and the enterprises upon 

which they have been established. Literature and statistics. 
The real estate business. Methods of advertising and exploiting. Real 

estate affairs in the several cities of the United States. Title companies. 

Examples of plats and methods of subdivisions. 
Banks and banking. Methods. Pictures of buildings. 

836. Insurance. 

Fire insurance. History, literature and statistics. 

Pictures of offices and buildings. 

Marine insurance. 

Life insurance. Companies. Mutual companies and societies. 

Accident insurance. 

Live-stock insurance. 

Title insurance. 

Glass and other special insurance systems. 

Security and trust companies. 

Safe-storage systems and companies. 

(In every case the companies to be invited to exhibit t«» visitors in the ex- 
hibition the peculiar features of their systems.) 

(Buildings to be shown by pictures and models. Literature and statistics 
to be exhibited and, if desired, distributed.) 

837. Safes and Treasure Storage. 

Fire-proof and burglar -proof sales of all kinds. 

Safety locks. 

Safe -storage warehouses. 

Burglar alarms, etc. 

838. The Art of Advertising. 

History of advertising. Curiosities of advertising. 

sign boards and sign symbols. Tobacconists', barbers', and pawnbrokers' 

signs, etc. Photographers' show frames. 
show windows, and the art of arranging them. Examples and pictures, 
sign bills, posters, dodgers. "Sandwich men/' 
Delivery wagons, decorated and grotesque. 
Gif1 and prize systems. Cards and pictures. Cigarette cards, etc, 

Phonograph and other announcement s\ stems. 

Pictures and devices I <> be shown in public places. Actors' photographs, 
Theatrical and amusement devices. 

Mechanical and other de\ ices in cars, Steamboats, and other public places. 

\ I Ini in-- and I >ook eo\ crs. 

The circular systems. Mailing lists and mailing companies. 
The agent ami canvasser system. Sample sales, 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 719 

838. The Art of Advertising— Continued. 

" Nickel-in-the-slot machines." 

The advertisement pages of papers and magazines and their utilization. 

Pictures. Narrative and facetious methods, etc. 
Advertising agencies. 

Trade and advertising journals. Specimens and tiles. 
Advertising labels and trade-marks. Attractive methods of wrapping and 

packing. 

839. American Towns and Cities as Trade Centers. 

Collective exhibits from individual towns, arranged by States. 

Pictures of business streets and blocks. 

Transportation facilities. Stations and depots. Warehouses. Elevators 

and manufacturing establishments. 
Characteristic industries, fully illustrated. 
Plans of suburban and other subdivisions. 
Public buildings, churches, schools, markets. 
Characteristic scenery. 
Representative men. 
Local newspapers and directories. 
Books by local authors and publishers. 
History, literature and statistics. 
(Each town to be assigned space like an individual exhibitor, on application.) 

84. Recreation and Amusement. 

840. The History of Recreation. Amusements of Primitive Peoples. 

Amusements of all nations. Pictures and models. 

841. Toys for Children. 

Infants' toys. Rattles, trumpets, etc. 

Moving and mechanical toys. Harlequins, etc. 

Dolls, doll-houses and furniture. 

Blocks, puzzles, etc. 

Fireworks. 

842. Athletic Exercises and Sports. 

Gymnastic and calisthenic exercises and their accessories, and all devices for 

physical development. 
Boxing — gloves, costumes. Prize tights. 
Fencing — foils, masks, etc. 
Cycling — wheels of all kinds, and accessories. 
Winter sports — skates, sleds, toboggans and slides. Costumes. 
Ball games — baseball, cricket, lacrosse, lawn tennis, polo, golf, football. 
Quoits, bowls, skittles, shuttieboard. 
Croquet. 
Archery. 

843. Aquatic Spokts. (See also Departments.) 

Boating — row-boats. Portable boats. Shells and racing. 

Canoeing — canoes, for paddle and sail. 

Sail-boats and their use. 

Ice boats. 

Yachts and yachting — pictures and models. 

Swimming and surf bathing — appliances and dress. 

844. Shotgun and Rifle. 

Marksmanship — the shooting gallery. Rifle practice ai Long and short range. 
Pistol and air or spring gun. Weapons, targets, and methods of organiza- 
tion. 

Hunting — blinds, decoys, sink-boxes, dogs, and their accompaniments and 
accessories. Costumes and accoutrements. Accessories of all kinds. 



720 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

844«. Angling. (See Fisheries.) 

844&. Amateur Photography. (See 71.) 

844c. Sketching and Painting. (See 75-77.) 

845. Animals and Pets. Hunting. 

The saddles. Equestrian outfits. Saddles and harness for pleasure use. 
Whips and stocks. Spurs. Male costume and woman's habits. 

Tournaments, anise-chases, hurdle-riding, etc. 

The pleasure vehicle and its equipment. Harnesses, etc. 

Hunting and pet dogs (see 187). Whips, whistles, collars, harnesses, blank- 
ets, etc. 

Pigeons and homing matches. (See 186.) 

Poultry. (See 186.) The game-cock. Muffs. Gaffs. 

Pet birds and other pet stocks. (See 186.) Cages. Pens. 

Horse-racing. 

Fox hunting, coursing, etc. 

846. Games of Skill and Chance, Indoor. 

Billiards — tables and all accessories. 

Cards — playing-cards and all accessories of all games. Schemes of games. 
Dice and accessories of all games. Exhibits of gamblers' methods. 
Draughts, dominoes, backgammon and similar games. 
Chess — artistic chessmen. Schemes of games. 

Miscellaneous games — puzzles and paradoxes of all kinds. Mechanical 
puzzles. 

847. Social Amusements, Shows and Diversions. 

Dancing and its accessories. Ball-room accessories. Favors. Masks and 

fancy dresses. 
Ball-room decorations. 
Private theatricals and tableaux vivants. 
Pyrotechnic displays. 
Fetes, lawn parties. 
Spectacles, pantomimes. 
Panoramas and dioramas. 
Stereopticon shows. 
Jugglery and legerdemain. 
Circuses, menageries, etc. 

848. Collecting and other Individual Recreations. 

Amateur collections in natural history — minerals, fossils, birds, eggs, insects, 
antlers and trophies of the chase, plants, ferns, sea-weeds, etc. 

Collections of coins, stamps, heraldic designs, advertising cards. 

Collections of autographs, portraits. 

Collections of play bills and historical pictures. 

Collections of photographs, stereographs, etc. 

Collections of prints, etchings, engravings. 

Collections of pottery and porcelain. 

Collections of general bric-a-brac. 

Collections of literary bric-a-brac. Grangerized and extra illustrated books. 
Collections, etc. First editions. 

849. Outdoor Costume and Equipment. Traveling Equipment. Camp Outfit 

and Accessories. 

Athletic and outdoor costume for man and woman and for general and spec- 
ial MHO. 

(Janes, staves, alpenstocks. 

Hammocks and settees, camp stools and camp beds and cots. 

Tents and canopies. 

Portable houses. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WOKLl)'s FAIR. 721 

849. Outdoor COSTUME and EQUIPMENT — Continued. 
Camp-cooking outfit and other accessories. 
Traveling costumes. Runs. 
Traveling bags, valises, shawl straps, etc. 
Trunks, chests. 
Steamer chairs. 

Lunch baskets and boxes. Hampers. 
Picnic outiits for table. 
Traveler's and camper's food and beverages. 

849 a. Pleasure Resorts and Routes of Pleasure Travel. 

Seaside and mountain resorts. 

Pictures, maps, and all illustrative literature. 

Hotels, guides, camps. 

Fishing and hunting privileges. 

Sportsman's gazetteers and directories. 

Sporting literature. Libraries. Journals devoted to athletics, travel and 

outdoor affairs. 
Public pleasure gardens, fest gardens, schuetzen parks, etc. 

85. Music and Musical Instruments. The Theater. 

850 History and Theory ok Music. 

Music of primitive people. 

Crude and curious instruments. Combinations of instruments, bands and 

orchestras. Music books and scores. Musical notation. 
History and literature of music. Portraits of great musicians. 

851. Self-vibrating Instruments. 

Drums and tambourines. Cymbals, triangles, gongs, castanets, "hones." 

Bells, chimes, and peals. 

Bell-ringer's instruments. Musical glasses. 

Glockenspiels, xylophones, marimbas. 

Music boxes. 

852. Stringed Instruments Played with the Fingers ok Plectrum. 

Lutes, guitars, banjos and mandolins. 
Harps and lyres. 
Zithers, dulcimers. 

853. Stringed Instruments Played with a B<>w. 

The violin. 

The viol, viola da gamha, viola, viola di amore. 

The violoncello and the bass viol. 

Mechanical instruments — hurdy-gurdy and violin piano. 

854. Stringed Instruments with Keyboard. 

The pianoforte — square, upright and grand. 

Actions and parts of the piano. 

The predecessors of the piano: Clavicytherium, clavicymbal, clavichord, 

manichord, virginal, spinnet, harpsichord and hammer harpsichord. 
Instruments and methods of manufacture. 
Street pianos. 

855. Wind Instruments with Simple Aperture or Plug Mouthpie< e. 

The flute, flute-a-bec. Syrinx. Organ pipes. Flageolet. 

856. Wind Instruments, with Mouthpiece Regulated by the Lips. 

The clarionet, oboe and saxophone. 

857. Wind Instruments, with Bell Mouthpiece, without Keys. 

The trumpet (simple) and the bugle. Oliphant. Alpenhorn. 
The trombone (with slide and with linger holes). 
The serpent, bassoon and bagpipe. 
SM 91, PT 2 16 



722 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

857a. Wind Instruments, with Bell Mouthpiece, with Keys. 

Key bugles, cornets, French, horns. Cornopeans, opliicleid.es. 
857&. Wind Instruments with Complicated Systems. 

Accordion, concertinas, and mouth organs. 

Melodeons and harmonicas. Reed organs of all kinds. 

Hand organs and organettes. Automatic organs, orchestrions, etc. 

The pipe organ. 
857c. ACCESSORIES OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

Strings, reeds, bridges. 

Conductors' batons, drum-majors' staves. Mechanical devices for the 

orchestra. 
Tuning forks, pitch pipes, metronomes, music stands, etc. 

858. Music in Relation to Human Life. 

Musical composers. Portraits. Biographies. 
Great performers. Great singers. 
Concerts and the concert stage. 
The opera. Its history. 
The oratorio. Masses. 

Church music and sacred music of all periods. Hymnology, ballads, folk- 
song- and folk-music of all lands. 
National airs. 

859. The Theater and the Drama. 

The stage. Plans and models of stages and theaters. 

History of the drama, so far as can be shown by literary record. Portraits 

of actors. Relics of actors. 
Playbills, etc. 
Costumes, masks, armor. 
Scenery. Appliances of illusion, etc. 
Plays of all ages and peoples. 
The passion play of Oberammergau. 

86. Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacology. Hygiene. 

860. History of Medicine. 

Schools of medical theory. Portraits of physicians. 
XtiOa. APPLIANCES OF RESEARCH IN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY", BACTERIOLOGY, ETC. 

(See Science, 9216-9256.) 
stiii/;. \i'iMiw< es of Instruction. (See 986.) 

861. Pathology. 

8t!2. Hygiene. Public Hygiene and Sanitation. 
Hygienic chemistry. 

863. Instruments of Examination and Apparatus <»i General, Local and 

Special Surgery. Anesthetics. 
Instruments for physical diagnosis, clinical thermometers, Btethoscopes, op- 
thalmoscopes, etc. (excepl clinical microscopes, etc., for which see Class 
324). 

864. \rr\i:\M -. FOR DRESSING VNIi (\i;i <>i WOUNDS. ANTISEPTICS. 

Surgical instruments and appliances, with dressings, apparatus for deform-; 
ities. prothesis, obstetrical instruments, 

Allies! he! ics. Ant ise|>l ics. 

865. VPPARATU8 USED IN PLASTIC AND MECHANICAL PROTHESIS. 

< >i'l ] i < i * | >< • « I ic :i |)|»:i r.i I US. 

Apparatus used in hernial surgery. 

Itatli .- 1 tiit hydrotherapeutic apparatus. 

Apparatus for medical gymnastics. 

Appliances, instruments and apparatus used in special therapeutics. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 723 

866. Dental Surgery and Dental Mechanism. 

Operative dentistry. 

False teeth and substitutes. 

Office appliances, chairs, etc. 

867. Veterinary Surgery and Medicines. 

(See also 180.) 

868. Pharmacology, Drugs, Pharmacy, etc. 

Medicines, official (in any authoritative pharmacopoeia) articles of the mate- 
ria medica, preparations, unofficial. 
Pharmaceutical apparatus. 

869. Miscellaneous Apparatus for the use of the Sick, Infirm and Insane. 

Accessory articles used in the medical, surgical, and pharmaceutical serv- 
ice of hospitals and infirmaries. 

Vehicles and appliances for the transportation of the sick and wounded, on 
shore or at sea. 

87. Public Convenience and Safety. 

870. Development of Paternal and Protective Relations of Government 

to People. 
Historical collections. 

871. Public Accommodation by Act of Government, or Under its Regula- 

tion. 

Public highways — Roads and paths, streets, bridges, parks and squares. 

Water supply — Public fountains and springs, "the town pump," domiciliary 
supply, public water privileges for industrial uses, reservoirs, aqueducts 
and their accessories, public baths and laundries. 

Light supply (so far as regulated by the Government) — Street illumination, 
gas works and gasometers, electric-light plant. (For mechanical display, 
see 422 and 433.) 

Transportation (so Car as regulated by the Government) — Street passenger 
vehicles; railways and steamboats; common carriers; baggage and ex- 
press; mail and messenger systems, not governmental: telegraphic and tel- 
ephone service. 

872. Protective Supervision. 

Sanitary supervision — Vaccination and its enforcement. Isolation of con- 
tagious disease. Quarantine. Prevention and elimination of animal epi- 
demics. 

Food inspection: Treatment of adulterated foods. Inspection and analysis. 
Treatment of stale food substances. Regulation of abattoirs, mills, etc. 
Regulation of sale of horses. Protective devices. 

Building inspection, etc. — Building regulations and inspection. Building 
drainage and plumbing. Fire regulations, tiro escapes, etc. 

Personal inspection — Color tests, etc, for transportation hands, etc. Pro- 
fessional examination for licenses. 

Immigration — Reception, care and protection of immigrants. Statistics of 
enumeration. 

873. Public and Domestic Hygiene. 

Appliances, instruments, and apparatus used in hygienic Investigations. 

Sanitary appliances and methods for dwelling bouses, buildings, and cities. 
Direct renewal of air — heating, ventilating. Lighting, in their relation to 
health. Conduits of water and sewage. Drains and sewers. Flushing 
tanks, hydraulic syphons, water-closets, public and private latrines. 
Sinks, night-soil apparatus, sanitary plumbing, walls, bricks, roofs, floor- 
ing, etc. Sanitary house decoration, non-poisonous paints and wallpapers, 
floor coverings, washables, decorations, etc. 



724 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

873. Public and Domestic Hygiene — Continued. 

Apparatus for carrying off, receiving; and treating sewage. Slaughter-house 
refuse, city garbage. 

Apparatus and methods for filtering water and cleansing water courses. 

Apparatus intended for the prevention of infectious diseases. Methods, ma- 
terials and instruments for purifying and destroying germs and disinfect- 
ing. 

Meteorological instruments, such as are used in climatological investiga- 
tions: Barometers, aneroids, thermometers, earth thermometers, ther- 
mometer stands, hygrometers, anemometers, air meters, rain gauges, au- 
tomatic meteorological apparatus, sunshine reporters, evaporation gauges, 
ozone papers, ozonometers, etc. 

Diagrams, models, and apparatus illustrative of (a) the climatal conditions 
prevailing in various parts of the world; (b) the relations between health 
and disease; (c) rainfall, percolation, evaporation and flow from ground; 
and (d) other subjects embraced by the exhibition. 

874. Hygiene oe the Workshop and Factory. (Classification modified from 

that of the London Health Exhibition. ) 

Designs and models for improvements in the arrangements and construction 
of workshops, especially those in which dangerous or unwholesome proc- 
esses are conducted. 

Apparatus and fittings for preventing or minimizing the danger to health 
or life from carrying on certain trades: Guards, screens, fans, air jets, 
preservative solutions, washes, etc. 

Objects of personal use: Mouthpieces, spectacles, dresses, hoods, etc., for 
use in certain unhealthy and poisonous trades. 

Illustrations of diseases and deformities caused by unwholesome trades and 
professions. Methods of combating these diseases. Preservative meas- 
ures, etc. 

Sanitary construction and inspection of workshops, factories and mines. 
New inventions or improvements for ameliorating the condition of life of 
those engaged in unhealthy occupations. Means for economizing human 
labor in various industrial operations. 

Literature, statistics, diagrams, etc. 

875. Hygiene oe the School-room. 

Designs and models of improved buildings for elementary schools, infant 

schools, and creches. 
Apparatus and fittings for wanning, ventilating and lighting schools, school 

latrines, closets, etc. 
Special school fittings for storing and drying clothing. 
School kitchens and arrangements for school canteens. Methods of wanning 

children's meals, etc. 
Precaution in schools for preventing the spread of infectious diseases, school 

sanitaria, infirmaries, etc. 
Special apparatus for physical I raining in schools, gymnasia; apparatus for 

exercise, drill, etc 
Literature, statistics, diagrams, etc., relating to school hygiene. 

870. Life-saving. 

Life-saving at fires and prevention of tire. 

Means for rendering materials incombustible, and for preventing the spon- 
taneous combustion of coal. Fire-proofrooms andsafes. Fire alarms and 
alarm systems. Fire indicators. Apparatus and chemical substances for 
giving alarms. Fire engines. Firemen's equipments, Lire escapes. 

Lightning conductors. 

Safety from Hoods — appliances for indicating a rise in the water of rivers. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR TflF WORLD'S FAIR. 725 

876. Life-saving — Continued. 

Safety from explosions — storing and transportation of explosive gases and 
inflammable substances. Gas-escape indicators. Alarm signals, feed appli- 
ances, and pressure gauges for preventing boiler explosions. Fire-damp 
indicators and safety Lamps for miners. 

Safety from accidents of land transportation — Brakes for horse vehicles. 
Railway signals, level crossings, automatic couplers. Precaution against 
color blindness. 

Safety from accidents of water travel — Light-house systems. Vessel signals. 
Fog signals. Lite-preservers, buoys. Appliances and organization of 
life-saving service. 

Safety from rabid or venomous animals. 

Relief of victims of accidents— relief of victims of suffocation. Relief of 
those apparently drowned. Relief of those who have taken poison. Treat- 
ment of cuts, bruises, and fractures. Aids of siek and injured. 

Transport: By human agency — stretchers, litters, dhoolies, palanquins, 
handcarts. By animal traction — for accidents and injury, for infectious 
diseases, for ordinary sickness. By mechanical means — railway carriages 
for sick and injured, water carriage. Treatment (with appliances) — (a) 
shed hospitals for infectious fevers and epidemic diseases; (/>) tent hos- 
pitals; (c) hospital ships; (d) furniture and fittings for sick rooms 

Aid to sick and wounded in war. Transport: (a) By human agencies — 
stretchers, litters, dhoolies palanquins, handcarts, stretchers on wheels; 
(b) by animal traction — mule litters and chairs, camel and elephant litters, 
wheel carriages; (<•) by mechanical means — railway ambulances, ship or 
water carriage. Treatment (with portable appliances and portable 
drugs) — (a) on the field ; (b) in shed hospitals ; (c) in tent hospitals. Naval 
and military hygiene. 

877. Public Charities. 

Asylums — instruction and care of the defective classes. Blind asylums 
Deaf and dumb asylums. (Plans, furniture, etc.) 

Reformatory institutions — Inebriate asylums. Magdalen asylums. Creches 
or day nurseries. 

Orphan asylums. Foundling asylums. Children's aid societies. 

Insane asylums. 

Homes for the destitute, aged and infirm, for the maimed and deformed, 
soldiers' homes. 

Emergency and lying-in. convalescent, and other hospitals. (From non- 
medical standpoint. ) 

Treatment of paupers — Almshouses, feeding the poor, Lodging houses. 

Emigrant aid societies. 

Treatment of aborigines. 

Prevention of cruelty to animals. 

88. Government and Law. The Art of War. 

880. History of Administration and Governmental Inmhttioxs. 
Primitive systems. Governments of primitive people. 
Evolution of monarchial systems. 
Evolution of representative systems. The town meeting, the hustings, etc., 

in America. 
Literature, etc. 
Maps showing graphically the geographical distribution of governmental 

systems, past and present. 
Municipal government. 



726 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

881. Popular Participation in Government. 

Choice of rulers. Primitive methods. Successions and dynasties. 

Ballot systems. All accessories of the ballot and voting. Voting machines. 

882. Law and Justice. (A suggestion. ) 

Legal codes. Retrospective collections. Legal codes of Babylonia. The 
Jews. India, Greece, Rome, shown by casts, fac-shniles, and books. Doc- 
uments in the history of English law. American law. Louisiana (civil 
or Roman law). Pacific coast and New Mexico. Literature. 

The court. The judge. Usages and customs. Costume. The jury. Meth- 
ods of polling. Arrangement of the hall of justice and its furniture. Lit- 
erature. Pictorial illustrations and models. Customs of special courts. 

The legal profession in all its ramifications. Lawyers in court and other 
professional relations. Costumes. Special residences (Inns of Court, the 
Temple, etc.). Pictures, portraits, literature. 

Laws of individuals. Master and servant. Husband and wife (forms of 
papers relating to marriage and divorce). Parent and child. Guardian 
and ward. Orphans' court. Chancery. 

Bonds and agreements. Methods of signing, sealing, and delivering paper. 

Oaths and affidavits. Papers and other literature illustrating legal forms 
and methods of procedure. Writs (habeas corpus, ejection, etc.). 

Police and police systems — Organization of local police. Costumes and 
weapons and other equipments, patrol wagons and wagons for transport- 
ing prisoners. 

Detectives and systems of detective work. 

Prisoners and malefactors — Statistics of crime. Criminal genealogy as shown 
by family trees of noted criminal families. 

Portraits of criminals — Rogues' galleries. Thumb-mark identification. Com- 
posite portraits of special criminal groups, showing characteristic physi 
oguoniy of special crime tendencies. 

Characteristics of the different kinds of lawbreakers — Implements and ac- 
cessories. Weapons. Costumes and disguises. 

Gamblers and gambling — Dens and halls. Implements and accessories of 
faro, rouge-et-noir, etc. 

Burglary and theft — Forgery, etc. Pickpockets. Implements of house- 
breaking. Highway robbery. Sneak theft. 

Counterfeiting — Tools and products in metal and paper. Altered coins and 
notes. 

Murder and violence — Fights. The duel and its history. 

Dissipation — Drunkenness. Opium and hasheesh. 

Vagrancy and disorder — Riots. Bombs and dynamite. 

Cruelty to animals. Illustrations of cruel methods. Societies for preven- 
tion of cruel! \ to animals. 

Administ nit ion of just ice. 

Arrest — Manacles and handcuffs. 

Punishments— 1 1 istoi\ . Stocks. Ducking stool and whipping post m Amer- 
ica. 1 1 isi orica 1 col led Ions. 
882 a. I \ ii i:\ \ i IONAL Law . 

Sovereignty over seas — Ministers, diplomatic agents, consuls, forms, pass- 
ports, certifications, etc. features. ITac-similes of important treaties. 
Photographs, etc., of important diplomatic meetings (Berlin Congress, 
r. ;/.). Naturalization. Extradition. Allegiance and citizenship. 

883. Prisons wi> Reformatories. 

Buildings, plans, and pictures of exteriors and interior arrangements. Cells. 
Prisons of all lands ami times. Historical collections. 
Dress and personal equipment of prisoners. Prison dietarii 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 727 

883. Prisons and Reformatories — Continued. 

Convict laboi — in confinement, and in confinement and outside gangs. < <»n- 

vict labor leases. Examples of convict workmanship. 
Prison discipline, instruction, and reform. 
Reform schools and houses of detention. 
Punishment at sea. 

884. Government Buildings. 

National, state and provincial capitals. Pictures and plans. Executive 
dwellings. Palaces. Administrative offices. City and town hails. Cus- 
tom and post offices. Public edifices of all kinds and all lands, not else- 
where classified. 

885. Taxes and Customs and their Administration. 

Tax systems. Historical collections. Literature and statistics. 

Tax collecting. Assessment. 

The custom-house — appraisement. Collection of duties. Inspection of 
goods and baggage of passengers. Bonded warehouses. Systems of ad- 
ministration. Plans and pictures. Bonded distilleries. 

The Revenue-Marine Service — revenue cutters. Revenue officers. 

Smuggling — methods. Devices for concealment about person and otherwise. 
Curiosities of smuggling. 

Illicit manufactures — distilleries, etc. Moonshiners and tbeir methods. 

886. Armies and Navies. 

The military class in all lands in the past. Historical collections. Pictures. 

Military costumes and accoutrements. 

Costume and accoutrement of naval forces — marines. 

Arms of all kinds (ordnance excepted), with all accessories. 

Dietaries. Camp equipment and material. 

Recruiting, and its methods. 

Asylums and pension systems. 

Militia — national guard, landwehr, etc. Illustrations of methods of organ- 
ization. Collective exhibits for special localities. 

Campaign and battles. Plans and pictures of engagements by land and sea 
in all lands. Historical collections, literature and relics. 

Military and naval leaders and heroes. Portraits and biography. Personal 
relics. 
886a. Military Engineering, Organization and Accessories. 

Retrospective collection^. 

Fortifications. Coast and river defenses, not aquatic. 

Heavy ordnance and projectiles, and all accessories. 

Light artillery, composing guns, machine guns, mitrailleuse - 

Military small arms, muskets, pistols and magazine guns. 

Ammuuition and its accessories 

Military topography and geography. 

Systems of transport. Trains and wagon-. Pontoons and bridges. 

Camps, tents and barracks. 

Arsenals and armories. 

Clothing and supplies. Food. 

Systems of organization. Composition of armies. Officers. 

Systems of tactics. 

887. The Art of Naval Warfare. 

Retrospective collections. War ships of all nations. Pictures, plana and 

models. 
The modern war ship. Armored cruisers. Torpedo boats. 
Ordnance and projectiles tor naval use. Ammunition, etc. 
Economy of ship life as modified tor military purposes. 



728 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

887. The Art of Naval Warfare— Continued. 

Clothing and supplies for ship use. 
Food supplies. 

Organizations of naval forces and .squadrons. 
Naval tactics. 
Coast and harbor defense. 
Torpedo warfare. Special torpedo boats. 
887«. Weapons and Armor of all Nations. 

Clubs, staves, slung weights, flails, maces, " morning stars/' etc. 
Swords, cutlasses, glaives, scythes, battle-axes. 
Daggers, rapiers, lances, spears, pikes, spades, halberds, bayonets. 
Hand missiles — Boomerangs, knob kerries, javelins, slings and all sling- 
stones, bolas, sling boards and darts. 
Bows and arrows, cross bows, blowguns and arrows, snmpitans. 
Catapults, balistas, spring guns. 
Fire-arms and projectiles. 
Armor of personal defense — Shields, helmets, suits of armor. 

888. The Government of the United States. 

(See collective exhibit.) 
888«. The State Governments. 

Similar exhibits arranged by States. 

889. Foreign Governments. 

Resources and powers of other governments arranged in a similar manner. 

89. Societies and Federations. 

890. Bands and Leagues of Past Times. 

891. Benevolent Societies. 

Humane and life-saving societies. 
Early bands and leagues. 

892. Cooperative Associations. 

893. Insurance and Mutual Benefit Societies. 

894. Trade Unions, etc. Industrial Organizations. 

895. Patriotic Societies. 

Military organizations and orders. 

896. Literary Scientific and Historical Societies. 

897. Social Organizations. 

Clnbs and club houses. 

898. Political Societies and Organizations. 

899. Secret Orders and Fraternities. 



DEPARTMENT g.-SCIENCE, RELIGION, EDUCATION AND HUMAN 

ACHIEVEMENT. 

90. Institutions and Organizations. 

901. Institutions of general scope for the Increase and Diffusion of 

Knowledge. 
Such as the Royal Institution, the Smithsonian Institution, the Institute of 
France. Their organization, history and results. 

902. Academies of Science and Letters. 

The Royal Society of London, the National Academy of Sciences, the British 
and American Associations for the Advancement of Science and others. 

State Academies of Science, v\{\ 

903. Learned Societies not denoted to the Exact Sciences. 

Historical. Anl iquarian, etc. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S PAIR. 729 

904. Scientific Societies, devoted t<> Limited Subjects. 

Mathematical, astronomical, chemical, geological, geographical, zoological, 
botanical, ethnological, philological, etc. 
90f>. Educational Societies and Organizations. 

Government Educational Board. 

Societies, etc. 

906. Publication Societies. 

Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, etc. 
!M»7. Professional Societies. 

Engineering, military, legal, medical, dramatic, etc. 
908, 909. Other Organizations. 

91. Science and Philosophy. 

910. History of Science and Philosophy. 

Portraits and memorials of philosophers and scientific investigators. 

911. Methods of Ixvfstigation. 

Mathematics — Arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, analytical ge- 
ometry, calculus. 

Physics — Mechanics, statics, dynamics, molecular physics, liquids, gas, sound, 
light, heat, electricity, magnetism. 

Astronomy — Solar system, sun, moon, planets, stars, meteors, comets, earth, 
geodesy, etc. Chronology. 

Chemistry — Inorganic aud organic Mineralogy and crystallography. 

Geology — Physical and dynamic. Meteorology. 

Biology — Zoology, botany, physiology, paleontology. 

Anthropology and ethnology — Philology. 

Sociology and history — Political economy and statistics. Governmental 
institutions. 

Geography and physiography in general — Maps and atlases, geographical, 
topographical, hydrographical and astronomical. Relief maps. Eco- 
nomic geography. 

912. Instruments of Precision for test and record of space, distaxcf, di- 

mensions, QUANTITY AM) CAPACITY, FORM AND DIRECTION. 

Scales of length— Standards of length compared. Accessories to scales of 
length, as calipers, verniers, micrometers, micrometric screws, dividing 
machines. 

Quantity and capacity tests— Measures, gauges, for barrel-, tonnage and 
cordage tests. Gas and water meters. Tell-tales, indicators, etc. Gangers' 
tools. 

Pedometers, odometers, viameters, perambulators, etc. 

Geodetic and surveying instruments— Theodolites, transits, needle com- 
passes, base apparatus, etc, and other appliances for surveying, Leveling, 
geodesy, topography. Instruments for underground surveys. Sounding 
apparatus. 

Apparatus for astronomical observations— Transits, transit circles, zenith 
sections, equatorials, collimators, reflecting and repeating circles, heliostats 
and siderostats, bolometers, etc., and other apparatus used in observations. 

Nautical astronomical instruments. Sextants, quadrants, repeating circles, 
dip-sections. 

Form: Appliances for registry of form— Geometrical record (with models), 
clinometers, crystalometers. Facial-angle systems. Draftsmen's instru- 
ments, pantagraphs, etc. (See also Pictorial arts.) 

Direction: Leveling instruments and apparatus— Carpenters' and builders' 
levels, land levels, water levels, engineers' levels. 

Compasses ami their variations. 

Plumb lines. 



730 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

913. Instruments of Precision for the Test of Force, Speed, etc. 

Weight and specific gravity : Standards of weights and their comparison — 
Scales, balances, steelyards, assay balances, and ordinary scales for heavy 
weights special finding. — Instruments to determine specific gravity and 
density — Hydrometers, aerometers, invariable pendulums, etc. 

Speed: Tachymeters. Current meters, ships' logs, electrical logs. 

Force: Dynamometers. Gauges for hydraulic, pneumatic and steam ma- 
chinery. 

Heat and other physical effects: Tli3rmometers and other instruments to 
measure meteorological effects. Barometers, pyrometers, eudiometers, 
electrometers, rheometers, magnetometers, etc. (See also Meteorology, 
Class 926. ) 

Tone : Tuning forks and pipes. 

Electrical apparatus: Friction machines. Condensers and miscellaneous 
apparatus to illustrate the discharge. Galvanic batteries and accessories 
to illustrate dynamical electricity. Electro-magnetic apparatus, induc- 
tion machines, Ruhmkorff coils, etc. Magnets and magneto-electric appa- 
ratus. 

914. Instruments of Precision. 

Number, time, etc. 

Number. 

Tallies, automatic registers and abaci. Mathematical instruments. Calcu- 
lating machines. 

Time. (Horology.) 

Ancient chronometry. Planetary motion. Dials, hour-glasses. 

Modern chronometry — Clepsydra, clocks, weight, spring and balance, electric 
and astronomical. Watches, chronometers, stop watches. 

Almanacs, calendars and time-tables. Ephemerides. 

Registration of musical time or length. Metronomes. 

915. Instruments Accessory to Research. 

Comparative meteorology : Scales of weights and measures of different 
countries. 

Instruments accessory to research : Microscopes and lenses and their acces- 
sories. Telescopes and lenses and their accessories. Apparatus for polar- 
ization, refraction, photometry, etc. Spectacles and eye-glasses, field and 
opera -glasses, graphoscopes and stereoscopes. Instruments for the investi- 
gation of the principal mediums of heat, light, electricity, etc. Spectro- 
scopes and accessories for spectrum analysis. Polariscopes. Thermotic 
apparatus. 

Instruments used in anatomical and physiological investigation. 

Instruments used in chemical and assay work. 

Tables of all kinds for use in computation. 

916. Meteorology. 

Modern meteorology and weather forecasts. History and present methods. 
Meteorological instruments. (See also Class 922.) 

Barometers, hygrometers and rain gauges. Maps, bulletins. Blanks for 
reports. Methods of recording, reducing and reporting observations. 

917. Applied Science. 

Mechanical engineering. 
Civil engineering. 
Navigation. 
Invention. 

All other departments of applied sciences, literature, statistics, ami full ex- 
hibition of methods and instruments not elsewhere shown. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 731 

9ix. Labobatories and Observatories. 
A chemical laboratory in operation. 
A physical laboratory in operation. 
An astronomical observatory in operation. 
An astrophysical laboratory in operation. 
A biological laboratory in operation. 
An anthropometrical laboratory in operation. 
A taxidermist's workshop in operation. 

919. Scientific Exploration. 

History and literature. Maps. Portraits. 

Relics of all great exploring expeditions of the past. 

Methods and results of recent explorations. 

92. History. 

920. Prehistoric Archaeology. 

America and Europe.* 

Ethnographical collections, illustrating the life of primitive man and mod- 
ern savages, with specimens of prehistoric habitations. 

921. Historic Archeology. 

Europe and Asia. 

922. Early European History. 

Especially England, Ireland, Scotland, Scandinavia, Germany, France, Italy, 
Spain and Portugal. 

923. The Discovery of America and the Early Period of Exploration and 

Conquest. The Colonization' and Subsequent History of Latin 
America. 

924. The Colonial Period in North America. 

925. The Period oe the Revolution and of the Origin of the Government 

of the United States. 

926. Later History of the United States, 1789-1892. 

927. Later History of Europe, etc. 

928. Biography and Family History. 

Portraits of representative men. Genealogical collections: Literature, pedi- 
grees, heraldry, arms, private and public. 

93. Books and Literature. 

Note. — The classification is that of the Dewey Relative System, which may be 
used in detail to excellent advantage in many departments of the Exposition work. 

930. General Works. 

Cyclopedias, magazines and. newspapers. Bindings. Specimens of typog- 
raphy. 

931. Philosophy. 

932. Religion. 

933. Sociology. 

934. Philology. 

935. Natural Sciences. 

936. Useful Arts. 

937. Fine Arts. 

938. Literature. 

939. History and Geography. 



*An elaborate arrangement of this division has been prepared by Dr. Thomas Wil- 
son, to which the attention of the commission is especially directed. 



732 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

94. Journalism. {Special Monographic Exhibit.) 

Note. — The details of the arrangement of this division are not worked out. The 
possibilities of an interesting display are very great. It should exhibit fully the 
history of journalism, and American periodical literature, past and present, should 
be very fully shown. 

93. Religious Organizations. 

950. Retrospective Collections. 

951. History of Religious and Ecclesiastical Organizations. 

Statistics and literature of religious organizations and systems. Origin, 
nature, growth and extent of various religious systems and faiths. 

952. Ecclesiastical Edifices. 

Plans, models, and pictures of exteriors and interiors. Interior fittings. 

Furniture. 

Decoration. Windows. Painting. 

Vestments and other accessories of ecclesiastical costume. 

Church plate, etc. 

953. Religious Music. 

Choirs. Hymnology. 

954. Accessories of Private Devotions. 

955. Charitable and Reformatory Work. 

Church guilds, etc. 

956. Special Educational Work. 

Systems and methods of religious instructions and training for the young. 
Sunday schools, furniture and apparatus. 
Associations for religious and moral improvement. 
Academies and colleges under denominational control. 

957. Missions and Missionary Work. 

History of missions. 

Maps, showing missions, past and present, in regard to geographical distri- 
bution. 

Societies and organizations for the propagation of systems of religion by 
missionary efforts. 

Spreading the knowledge of religious systems by publications. 

958. The Bible. 

Versions in every tongue. Editions of all kinds. 

The English Bible. 

Bible societies. Colportage. 

96. Education, Primary* 

960. Principles of Primary Education. 

Literature, statistics and diagrams. Statistics as to the effects of "cram- 
ming" and overwork on the young, etc. 

961. Home Education of Infants. 

Educational toys. Toy-books, home primers, children's periodicals. 

962. Kindergartens and Infant Schools and Creches. 

Apparatus and fittings, toys, games, and kindergarten amusements. Models 
and appliances for teaching, examples of school work. 
i)G:J. PRIMARY Schools, City and COUNTRY. 

School houses and furniture. Apparatus and fittings. Models and appliances 
for leaching, text-books, diagrams, examples. Specimens of work in ele- 
mentary schools. 

* The classification is essentially thai of the Philadelphia Exhibition. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WOBLD's FAIR. 733 

G4. Domestic and Industrial Training for Girls. 

Models and apparatus for teaching of cookery , housework, washing and 
ironing, needlework and embroidery, dressmaking, artificial flower mak- 
ing, painting on silk, crockery, etc. Specimens of school work. 

965. Handicraft Teaching in schools for Boys. 

Apparatus and fittings for elementary trade-teaching in schools. Specimens 
of school work. 

966. Science Teaching. 

Apparatus and models for elementary science instruction in schools. Appar- 
atus for chemistry, physics, mechanics, etc. Diagrams, copies, text- 
hooks, etc. Specimens of the school work in these suhjects. 

967. Art Teaching. 

Apparatus, models and fittings for elementary art instruction in schools, 
text-books, etc. Diagrams, copies, text-books, etc. Specimens of art- 
work, modeling, etc., in schools. 

968. Technical and Apprenticeship Schools. 

Apparatus and examples used in primary and secondary schools for teaching 
handicraft. Models, plans and designs for the fitting up of workshop and 
industrial schools. Results of industrial work done in such schools. 

969. Education of Defective Classes. 

Deaf, dumb, blind schools, etc. Adult schools for the illiterate. 

97. Education, Secondary. (Grammar School. High School. Seminary and Academy 

Gymnasium.) 

971. Systems of Schools (State, city and town). 

Organization, gradings, discipline, etc. 

972. Buildings and their Arrangements. 

Sanitary condition. Furniture. 

973. Apparatus of General Instruction, 

Maps, globes, diagrams. 

974. Physical Training. 

Gymnasium. Military drill. Summer cam}). 

975. Training in Drawing, Music, etc. 

976. Training in Physical Science. 

Apparatus, laboratories, etc. Cabinets. 

977. Books. 

Text-books and other appliances. 

978. Manual, Agricultural and Industrial Educations. 

Commercial and trades schools. 

979. Educational Organizations for Adults. 

Polytechnic schools. Reading rooms. Institutions. 
Chautauqua circles, etc. 

98. Education, Superior. 

980. The College and the University. 

981. Systems. 

Curriculum, admission requirements, examination. 

982. Buildings. 

983. Apparatus, etc. 

984. The College. 

985. The University- and Postgraduate Courses. 

University extension, etc. 

986. Professional Schools, 

Art and design. 
Music. 



734 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1891. 

986. Professional Schools — Continued. 

Mining and metallurgy. Engineering. 

Military and naval. 

Medicine and surgery. Veterinary medicine. Pharmacy. 

Law. 

Theological. 

Normal. 

987. The Lyceum, etc. 

Lectures. 

988. Public Museums and Expositions. 

989. The Public Library. 

99. Human Achievement. The Greatest and the Best. 

The arrangement of the division is not worked out, but in proper hands the pos- 
sibilities of interest in this direction are almost limitless. Among the suggestions 
are the following: 

The great men and women of the world. Portraits, etc. (No one living to 

be admitted.) 
Great works of art : 

Copies of the greatest paintings — not to exceed one hundred. 
Copies of the greatest sculptures — not to exceed twenty-five. 
Copies of the greatest crayons and etchings — not to exceed twenty -five. 
Models and pictorial reproductions of the greatest buildings of the 

world — not to exceed twenty-five. 
The greatest books. 

The greatest industrial and economical discoveries and inventions. 
The invention of printing, gunpowder, the telescope, the railway, 
vaccination, the circulation of the blood, photography, fish culture, 
etc. 
A special display ought to be made of great American discoveries — the 
steamboat, the telegraph, the telephone, the lightning rod, the cotton 
gin, the reaper, the sewing machine, anaesthetics, etc. 
Actual reproductions of Old World monuments to commemorate historic person- 
ages and events might well be shown. 

DEPARTMENT io.— COLLECTIVE AND MONOGRAPHIC EXHIBITS. 

100. Collective Exhibits. 

101. Foreign Governments. Collective Exhibits. 

As is the universal practice in international exhibitions, foreign commis- 
sioners will expect to install their material collectively, making excep- 
tions, possibly, in the matter of machinery in motion, agricultural prod- 
ucts and living animals, and the fine arts. For convenience of the juries 
they will, of course, conform as nearly as may be to the official classifica- 
tion, within the limits of the space assigned to each country. 

If the plan proposed by Mr. W. E. Curtis is accepted, a special building will 
be required for the combined collective exhibit of the Spanish-American 
Republics. 

102. The Government of the United States. Collective Exhibit of the Gov- 

ernment Departments. 

103. American States and Cities. 

State and city buildings, and their contents 

104. The Woman's Department. 



DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR. 7,V> 

105. Collective Exhibits. Isolated by the Board of Management for Rea- 

sons of Convenience. 
Machinery in motion. (See detailed classification under Division 40.) 
Electricity and magnetism, and their applications. 
Pomological exhibitions. 
Horticultural displays in the open air. 
Live-stock exhibitions, etc. 
Agricultural machinery at work. 
Waste products and their utilization. 

Athletic contests and games. Angling tournaments, rifle practice, etc. 
Military displays and competitive drills. 
Fire companies and competitive contests. 
Pyrotechnic competitions. 

106. Special Industries. Collective Exhibits. 

As in other exhibitions, organizations representing great industrial interests 
will desire to erect and maintain buildings for special collective exhi- 
bits — e. g., the brewing industry, the leather industries, the textile in- 
dustry, etc. 

107. American Ethnography and that oe other Countries. 

Special monographic exhibit of the tribes of American aborigines. Similar 

collections from other lands. 
Villages or families of various primitive peoples engaged in their native 

occupations. 

108. Special Monographic Exhibits Showing the Civilization of Countries 

which have Contributed Largely to the Peopling of America. 

109. Other Collective Exhibits. 



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